1. Toward a Stark Decelerator for atoms and molecules exited into a Rydberg state Anne Cournol, Nicolas Saquet, Jérôme Beugnon, Nicolas Vanhaecke, Pierre Pillet 07/03/2008 Laboratoire Aime Cotton EGC 2008

2. Cold? For what? How to do? Cold atoms Into a gas: cold means weak velocity distribution around a mean velocity  Precision measurements  Quantum gases  …  Laser cooling  Evaporative cooling  …

3. Cold molecules? High resolution spectroscopy (very long interaction time) Cold chemistry Polar molecules : dipole - dipole interaction Variation of fundamental constants with time (Ye OH) Parity violation (DeMille BaF,HSiO) EDM (DeMille PbO, Hinds YbF) Why ? How ? From cold atoms (T<1mK) Buffer gas cooling (T<1K) Bolztmann filter (T < 1K) Rotating nozzle (T~1K) Beam collision (T~1K) Deceleration of supersonic molecular beam (T<1K) Electric Stark decelerator (polar species): Meijer (OH,NH,ND 3,CO),Tiemann (SO 2 ), Hinds (YbF,CaF) Optical Stark decelerator: Barker (C 6 H 6 ) Zeeman decelerator: Merkt (H,D), Raizen (Ne*,O 2 ) Electric Stark decelerator (Rydberg state): Merkt (Ar,H), Softley (H 2 )

4. Stark deceleration Stark effect: - SO 2 :  =1.6Debye, 326 stages, L=1.8 m, HV=10kV,  =400ns ∆E=0.95cm -1 /stage 5.5mm 2mm + : Huge density in phase space (conserved by deceleration) - : Dipolar momentum of polar molecules  1Debye

5. Rydberg state Highly excited electronic state For hydrogen atoms, level energies for Rydberg electron states are: Particle in zero field Particle in electric field Stark effect Dipolar momentum ≈1000 Debye for n=18

6. Rydberg states into electric field m=2 18d 19d SO 2

7. Stark decelerator for Rydberg states Rydberg states: dipolar momentum ~1000 Debye Compact deceleratorVersatile decelerator Lower electric and shapeable field Continius deceleration  Constant force

8. Outline Supersonic beam Rydberg Excitation Deceleration: simulations 3D

9. The setup Production of pulsed supersonic beam Experiences P≈10 -8 mbar

10. A supersonic beam Effusive beam Supersonic beam Some properties of supersonic beam: Mean velocity Axis velocity distribution Perpendicular velocity distribution

11. Sodium pulsed beam Cw dye laser @589 nm (Tekhnoscan on saturated absorption) Ablation laser Nd:YAG@532nm 1.0 mJ/pulse 10 - 50 Hz 10 cm 15 cm Detection by fluorescence induced by laser Detection areas Rotating sodium target Carrying gas ~1-10 bar

12. Time of flight Longitudinal velocity distribution (~10%v exp )

13. Parameter: ablation energy Carrying gas: Argon Pressure: 6 Bar

14. Parameter: ablation energy Carrying gas: Argon Pressure: 6 Bar

15. Parameter: pressure Neon with ablation energy of 0.6 mJ/pulse

16. Perpendicular temperature LL v Doppler measurement

17. Perpendicular temperature Perpendicular temperature about 1K Doppler profile 60 MHz 0

18. Beam characterization Heating effect when ablating Beam optimization Argon (v≈650 m/s) Axis temperature ≈ 5K Perpendicular temperature ≈ 1K Density ≈10 8 atoms/cm 3

19. Excitation toward a Rydberg state Laser excitation

20. Doubled pulsed dye Excitation process 3S 4P nd 330 nm 920 nm (18d m=2) Ionisation Ti:Sa

21. 3S-4P Doubled pulsed dye 3S 4P 330 nm Ionisation First spectrum last week

22. 3S-4P 170GHz 3S 4P 330 nm Ionisation

23. Simulations Deceleration: simulations 3D

24. Particle test: Na Initial state: 18d Field : 800 V/cm Number of electrodes: 20 pairs 3mm 1mm Beam axe Initial velocity: 370 m/s Final velocity: 0 m/s Laser excitation +V -V

25. Experienced force Time for deceleration ~10µs

26. Distribution of positions No deceleration 90% Deceleration 10% Initial cloud: 500000 atomes ∆x=2mm ∆v // /v // =10%, ∆v  /v // =3%

28. Conclusion Supersonic beam is characterized Excitation toward a Rydberg state is in process Simulations show we can stop a cloud of sodium atoms flying initially at 370m/s in 3mm

29. Conclusion HV: ±10kV L=1.8m 326 stages Efficiency: 1% Detection by fluorescence HV: ±40V L=3mm 20 ‘stages‘ Efficiency: 10% Ionic detection Stark decelerator (SO 2 ) Stark decelerator for atoms and molecules excited into a Rydberg states One laser to detect the molecules 4 lasers

30. Outlook Short time: ›Autumn: Rydberg excitation ›End of year: Proof of deceleration with 4 electrodes ›Spring: Na at standstill Long time: Production of cold Na 2, NaH, O, H 2 O, …

31. Merci