1. UML: The Unified Modeling Language Excertos do livro: The Unified Modelling Language User Guide by Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh and Ivar Jacobson

2. Activity diagrams – Activity diagrams are one of the models in the UML for modeling dynamic aspects of systems. – An activity diagram is essentially a flowchart, showing the flow of control from activity to activity.

3. Activity diagrams ● Terms and concepts: – Action/activity states ● Action states are atomic; activity states can be decomposed. – Transitions – Branching – Forking and joining

4. Activity diagrams ● Transitions: – When an activity completes, flow of control passes immediately to the next action or activity state. – You specify this flow by using transitions to show the path from one activity state to the next activity state. A transition is represented by a simple directed line. – A flow of control has to start and end. The initial state is represented as a solid ball and the stop state as a solid ball inside a circle.

5. Activity diagrams ● Branching: – A branch specifies alternate paths taken based on some Boolean expression and is represented as a diamond. – A branch has one incoming transition and two or more outgoing ones. – On each outgoing transition, you place a Boolean expression (a guard), specifying on which condition that path is taken. – Across all the outgoing transitions, guards should not overlap.

6. Activity diagrams ● Forking and joining: – You might encounter flows that are concurrent. You use a synchronization bar to specify the forking and joining of the parallel flows of control. – A synchronization bar is rendered as a thick horizontal line.

7. Activity diagrams – A fork represents the splitting of a single flow of control into two or more concurrent flows of control. – A fork has one incoming transition and two or more outgoing transitions, each of which represents an independent flow of control. – Below the fork, the activities associated with each of these paths continues in parallel.

8. Activity diagrams – A join represents the synchronization of two or more concurrent flows of control. – A join has two or more incoming transitions and one outgoing transition. – Above the join, the activities associated with each of these paths continues in parallel. – At the join, the concurrent flows synchronize,meaning that each waits until all incoming flows have reached the join, at which point one flow of control continues on below the join.

9. Activity diagram: example 1 Apresentar pedido requisição Apresentar identificação Registar identidade Registar livro Assinar requisição Entregar livro

10. Activity diagram: example 2 Apresenta pedido requisição Apresentar identificação Registar identidade Registar livro Assinar requisição Entregar livro Pagar dívidas [tem dívidas] [não tem dívidas]