1. Methods of excitation: nuclear reactions

2. Electromagnetic excitation
208Pb beam
238U target
energy of gamma radiation (keV)
log (intensity)

3. Electric fields of multipoles
In general the electric potential due to
an arbitrary charge distribution is
expansion
special case: electric monopole

4. Electric fields of multipoles
In general the electric potential due to
an arbitrary charge distribution is
homogenous charge distribution
special case: electric monopole

5. Electric field lines of two interacting charges

6. Monopole, dipole, quadrupole, ...
octopole

7. Monopole, dipole, quadrupole, ...

8. Electric fields of multipoles
In general the electric potential due to
an arbitrary charge distribution is
expansion
multipole moments
special case: electric quadrupole potential
special case: electric quadrupole matrixelement
B(E2)-value: