2. Presentation Plus! The American Vision Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Developed by FSCreations, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Send all inquiries to: GLENCOE DIVISION Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 Welcome to Presentation Plus!

3. Splash Screen

4. Contents Chapter Introduction Section 1The Colonies Fight for Their Rights Section 2The Revolution Begins Section 3The War for Independence Section 4The War Changes American Society Chapter Summary Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

5. Intro 1 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

6. Section 1: The Colonies Fight for Their Rights Intro 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Objectives Summarize events that fueled colonial discontent.  Explain how the Stamp Act affected the relationship between Britain and the colonies.

7. Intro 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Objectives Section 2: The Revolution Begins Describe ways in which Massachusetts continued to defy Britain after the repeal of the Townshend Acts.  Summarize the first battles between Britain and the colonies.

8. Intro 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Objectives Section 3: The War for Independence Describe the strategies behind the Northern Campaign.  Summarize the scope of the war at sea.

9. Intro 5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Objectives Section 4: The War Changes American Society Describe the features of the political system of the United States set up after the Revolutionary War.  Explain the position of women and African Americans in the new political system.

10. Intro 7 Why It Matters In the early colonial period, the colonies grew accustomed to running their own affairs. When Britain tried to reestablish control, tensions mounted over taxes and basic rights. In 1775 these tensions led to battle, and in 1776 the colonists declared their independence from Britain. With the help of France and Spain, the colonists defeated the British in 1781. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally ended the war.

11. Intro 8 The Impact Today The Revolutionary War experience had important results.  Common political traditions of our nation were born under the pressures of war.  Americans value and protect local liberties and the right to representation in government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

12. Intro 9 continued on next slide

13. Intro 10

14. End of Intro

15. Section 1-1 Guide to Reading Tensions between Britain and its American colonies grew as British leaders sought greater control over their North American empire.  Albany Plan of Union  Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Key Terms and Names French and Indian War  Treaty of Paris  customs duty  inflation  Quartering Act  nonimportation agreement  writ of assistance

16. Section 1-2 Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Organizing As you read about the growing tensions between Britain and the American colonies, complete a graphic organizer like the one on page 116 of your textbook by listing the causes of the French and Indian War.  Summarize events that fueled colonial discontent.  Reading Objectives Explain how the Stamp Act affected the relationship between Britain and the colonies.

17. Section 1-3 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Civic Rights and Responsibilities The colonies used economic protest to fight Parliamentary power.

18. Section 1-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

19. Section 1-5 (pages 116–119) The French and Indian War Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The conflict between the French and English over dominance in Europe in the late 1600s and 1700s finally spilled over into America.  In 1740 a common interest in the Ohio River valley led to tensions between the French and the British.  Both sides began building forts to claim the territory.

20. Section 1-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. George Washington was asked to intervene for the British and expel the French.  The American troops started toward the Ohio River in the spring of 1754.  After a brief battle, Washington and his troops retreated.  The British government suggested that the American colonies form an alliance with the Iroquois. The French and Indian War (cont.) (pages 116–119)

21. Section 1-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. During a meeting called the Albany Conference between the colonists and the Iroquois, the Iroquois agreed to remain neutral and the colonists agreed that Britain should name one supreme commander of all the British troops in the colonies.  The conference issued the Albany Plan of Union–the first suggestion that the colonies unite to form a federal government. The French and Indian War (cont.) (pages 116–119)

22. Section 1-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. British commander in chief, General Edward Braddock, appointed George Washington to serve as his aide.  In 1755 French and Native American forces ambushed the British troops near Fort Duquesne in western Pennsylvania.  Washington’s leadership saved the British from disaster.  For the next two years, the French and Indian War was fought on the frontier. The French and Indian War (cont.) (pages 116–119)

23. Section 1-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In 1756 fighting between Britain and France spread to Europe and became known as the Seven Years’ War.  Britain’s allies fought the French in Europe.  Britain’s prime minister sent most of Britain’s forces to North America and India to fight the French. The French and Indian War (cont.) (pages 116–119)

24. Section 1-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The turning point of the war in North America occurred with a British victory at Quebec.  The Treaty of Paris finally ended the war in 1763, and for the most part eliminated French power in North America. The French and Indian War (cont.) (pages 116–119)

25. Section 1-11 Why did the British want its colonies to form an alliance with the Iroquois? The Iroquois controlled western New York, which was the territory the French would need to pass through to reach the Ohio River. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The French and Indian War (cont.) (pages 116–119)

26. The Colonies Grow Discontented Section 1-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 119–120) The British victory caused an enormous British debt.  Britain looked to its colonies to help pay for the war.  In the spring of 1763, Pontiac, chief of the Ottawa people, united several Native American groups, including the Ottawa, Delaware, Shawnee, and Seneca peoples, to go to war against the British.  They attacked forts and towns along the frontier.

27. Section 1-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The British government did not want to pay for another war, so it issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 that limited western settlement.  Colonists were not allowed to settle in certain areas without the government’s permission.  The proclamation angered many farmers and land speculators. The Colonies Grow Discontented (pages 119–120) (cont.)

28. Section 1-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In an effort to reduce Britain’s debt and pay for the British troops in North America, George Grenville, the British prime minister and first lord of the Treasury, implemented new tax policies in the colonies.  Merchants smuggled goods in and out of America to avoid customs duties, or taxes paid on imports and exports. The Colonies Grow Discontented (pages 119–120) (cont.)

29. Section 1-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Grenville convinced Parliament to pass a law that sent smugglers to a new vice- admiralty court in Nova Scotia run by naval officers who were unsympathetic to smugglers.  Grenville also introduced the Sugar Act in the colonies.  This act changed tax rates for raw sugar and molasses imported from foreign colonies. The Colonies Grow Discontented (pages 119–120) (cont.)

30. Section 1-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The act placed new taxes on silk, wine, coffee, pimento, and indigo.  Merchants felt the Sugar Act hurt trade and argued that it violated traditional English rights.  Colonists argued that they were being taxed without representation in Parliament. The Colonies Grow Discontented (pages 119–120) (cont.)

31. Section 1-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. To slow inflation–a general rise in the prices of most goods and services because money has lost its value– Parliament passed the Currency Act of 1764.  This banned the use of paper money in the colonies, angering colonial farmers and artisans who used paper money to pay back loans. The Colonies Grow Discontented (pages 119–120) (cont.)

32. Section 1-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What policies did the British government adopt to help pay its debts from the French and Indian War? George Grenville, the British prime minister and lord of the Treasury, implemented new tax policies in the colonies to pay for the French and Indian War. One law sent smugglers to a new vice-admiralty court run by naval officers who were unsympathetic to smugglers. The Sugar Act in the colonies changed tax rates for raw sugar and molasses imported from foreign colonies. It placed new taxes on silk, wine, coffee, pimento, and indigo. To slow inflation, Parliament passed the Currency Act of 1764. This banned the use of paper money in the colonies, angering colonial farmers and artisans who used paper money to pay back loans. The Colonies Grow Discontented (pages 119–120) (cont.)

33. Section 1-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 120–122) The Stamp Act Crisis To raise more money to pay for the war, Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765.  Stamps were required on most printed materials.  The stamp tax was the first direct tax Britain had ever placed on the colonists.  The Quartering Act, passed by Parliament in 1765, forced the colonists to pay more for their own defense by providing places to stay for British troops in the colonies.

34. Section 1-20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. By the summer of 1765, mass meetings and demonstrations against the stamp tax took place in the colonies.  When the Stamp Act took effect, the colonists ignored it.  A movement began to boycott British goods.  Colonial merchants signed a nonimportation agreement, agreeing not to buy any British goods until the Stamp Act was repealed. The Stamp Act Crisis (cont.) (pages 120–122)

35. Section 1-21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The protests led to the Stamp Act being repealed in 1766.  Parliament, in an effort to assert its control over the colonies, passed the Declaratory Act, which gave them the power to make laws for the colonies. The Stamp Act Crisis (cont.) (pages 120–122)

36. Section 1-22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What acts did Parliament pass to raise money to pay for the government’s expenses in America? To raise more money to pay for the war, Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765. Stamps were required on most printed materials. The Quartering Act, passed by Parliament in 1765, forced the colonists to pay more for their own defense by providing places to stay for British troops in the colonies. The Stamp Act Crisis (cont.) (pages 120–122)

37. Section 1-23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 122–123) The Townshend Acts In 1767 British finance minister Charles Townshend introduced a new set of regulations and taxes known as the Townshend Acts.  One of these acts, the Revenue Act of 1767, placed new customs duties on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea imported into the colonies.  The Revenue Act legalized the use of general search warrants called writs of assistance.

38. Section 1-24 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Townshend Acts gave British officials the right to seize property without following due process.  John Dickinson published a series of essays called Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer, which stressed that only assemblies elected by colonists had the right to tax them.  Dickinson called on colonists to resist the Townshend Acts. The Townshend Acts (cont.) (pages 122–123)

39. Section 1-25 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Virginia’s House of Burgesses passed the Virginia Resolves, stating that only the House had the right to tax Virginians.  Britain ordered that the House of Burgesses be dissolved.  Leaders of the House of Burgesses called a convention and passed a non- importation law blocking the sale of British goods in Virginia. The Townshend Acts (cont.) (pages 122–123)

40. Section 1-26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Sons of Liberty encouraged colonists to support the boycott of British goods.  In 1769 colonial imports from Britain declined sharply from what they had been the year before.  On March 5, 1770, British troops fired into a crowd of colonists in Boston.  A man of African and Native American descent was the first colonist to die in what became known as the Boston Massacre. The Townshend Acts (cont.) (pages 122–123)

41. Section 1-27 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The British were viewed as tyrants who were killing people standing up for their rights.  In response, Britain repealed the Townshend Acts, leaving only one tax– on tea–to uphold its right to tax the colonies. The Townshend Acts (cont.) (pages 122–123)

42. Section 1-28 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. How did colonists react to the Townshend Acts? The Townshend Acts (cont.) (pages 122–123)

43. Section 1-29 The Townshend Acts angered colonists. John Dickinson published a series of essays called Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer, which stressed that only assemblies elected by colonists had the right to tax them. Dickinson called on colonists to resist the Townshend Acts. The Massachusetts assembly began organizing resistance against Britain. Merchants signed nonimportation agreements promising not to import any goods from Britain. Virginia’s House of Burgesses passed the Virginia Resolves, stating that only the House had the right to tax Virginians. Leaders of the House of Burgesses called a convention and passed a nonimportation law blocking the sale of British goods in Virginia. Americans stopped drinking British tea. The Daughters of Liberty began spinning their own cloth instead of buying from Britain. The Sons of Liberty encouraged colonists to support the boycott of British goods. The Townshend Acts (cont.) (pages 122–123)

44. Section 1-30 Checking for Understanding __ 1.the loss of value of money __ 2.a tax on imports and exports __ 3.a search warrant enabling customs officers to enter any location to look for evidence of smuggling __ 4.a pledge by merchants not to buy imported goods from a particular source A.customs duty B.inflation C.nonimportation agreement D.writ of assistance Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A D B C

45. Section 1-31 Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Civic Rights and Responsibilities What argument did the Stamp Act Congress make in protest against the British taxes? The Stamp Act Congress argued that the colonists’ political representatives, not Parliament, had the right to tax colonists.

46. Section 1-32 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Evaluating Why do you think the British were so willing to pass new taxes in the face of colonial opposition? The British passed new taxes despite opposition because they needed the money.

47. Section 1-33 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Examining Art Study the painting of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham on page 118 of your textbook. How were the British able to move their troops up the steep cliffs near the city? General Wolfe discovered a path up the cliffs from the river. The French troops were not expecting an attack from this direction, so the British troops climbed the cliffs without attack.

48. Section 1-34 Close Explain how the Stamp Act affected the relationship between Britain and the colonists.

49. End of Section 1

50. Section 2-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading After years of escalating tensions and outbreaks of fighting, the colonists declared their independence from Britain on July 4, 1776.  committee of correspondence  Main Idea Key Terms and Names Boston Tea Party  Intolerable Acts  minuteman  Loyalist  Patriot  Battle of Bunker Hill  Declaration of Independence

51. Section 2-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Taking Notes As you read about the rising tensions between the colonies and Britain, use the major heading of the section to create an outline similar to the one on page 126 of your textbook.  Describe ways in which Massachusetts continued to defy Britain after the repeal of the Townshend Acts.  Reading Objectives Summarize the first battles between Britain and the colonies.

52. Section 2-3 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Government and Democracy The First Continental Congress acted as a government during the Revolutionary crisis.

53. Section 2-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

54. Section 2-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 126–129) Massachusetts Defies Britain Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In the spring of 1772, the British government introduced several new policies that angered American colonists.  Britain sent customs ships to patrol North American waters in order to intercept smugglers.  In 1772 the British customs ship, the Gaspee, ran aground and was seized by colonists and burned.  The British took suspects to England for trial.

55. Section 2-6 Colonists felt this was a violation of their right to a trial by a jury of their peers.  Thomas Jefferson thought each colony should create a committee of correspondence to communicate with other colonies about British activities.  This helped unify the colonies and coordinate plans for British resistance. Massachusetts Defies Britain (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 126–129)

56. Section 2-7 England’s new prime minister, Lord North, helped the British East India Company, which was almost bankrupt.  To assist the company with tea sales, Parliament passed the Tea Act of 1773, which made East India’s tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea.  American merchants feared it was the first step by the British to force them out of business. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Massachusetts Defies Britain (cont.) (pages 126–129)

57. Section 2-8 In December 1773, tea ships from the East India Company arrived in Boston Harbor.  Colonists boarded the ship and dumped the tea into the harbor.  This became known as the Boston Tea Party.  The Boston Tea Party led to the British passing four new laws called the Coercive Acts. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Massachusetts Defies Britain (cont.) (pages 126–129)

58. Section 2-9 These acts were an attempt to stop colonial challenges of British authority.  The Coercive Acts violated several English rights, including the right to trial by a jury of one’s peers and the right not to have troops quartered in one’s home.  The Quebec Act gave more territory to Quebec and stated that a governor and council appointed by the king would run Quebec. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Massachusetts Defies Britain (cont.) (pages 126–129)

59. Section 2-10 This further angered the colonists because if they moved west, they would be living in territory with no elected assembly.  The Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act became known as the Intolerable Acts.  The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in 1774. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Massachusetts Defies Britain (cont.) (pages 126–129)

60. Section 2-11 The congress wrote the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which expressed loyalty to the king but condemned the Coercive Acts and announced that the colonies were forming a nonimportation association.  The delegates also approved the Continental Association, a plan for every county and town to form committees to enforce a boycott of British goods. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Massachusetts Defies Britain (cont.) (pages 126–129)

61. Section 2-12 What were the Intolerable Acts? The Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act became known as the Intolerable Acts. The colonists saw these two acts as the British trying to gain control of the colonial governments. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Massachusetts Defies Britain (cont.) (pages 126–129)

62. Section 2-13 (pages 129–131) The Revolution Begins Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In the summer and fall of 1774, the British officials lost control of the colonies as the colonists created provincial congresses and militias raided military depots for ammunition and gunpowder.  The town of Concord created a special unit of minutemen, trained and ready to fight the British at a minute’s warning.  The American Revolution was not just a war between Americans and British but a war between Loyalists and Patriots.

63. Section 2-14 Americans called Loyalists, or Tories, remained loyal to the king and felt British laws should be upheld.  The group included government officials, prominent merchants, landowners, and a few farmers.  The Patriots, or Whigs, thought the British were tyrants.  Patriots included artisans, farmers, merchants, planters, lawyers, and urban workers. The Revolution Begins (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 129–131)

64. Section 2-15 There was a group of Americans in the middle who did not support either side and who would support whomever won.  On April 18, 1775, British General Gage and his troops set out to seize the militia’s supply depot at Concord.  To get there, they had to pass through Lexington.  Patriots Paul Revere and William Dawes were sent to Lexington to warn the people that the British were coming. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Revolution Begins (cont.) (pages 129–131)

65. Section 2-16 Dr. Samuel Prescott went on to warn the people of Concord.  When the British arrived in Lexington, about 70 minutemen were waiting for them.  The British fired at the minutemen, killing 8 and wounding 10.  The British moved on to Concord where they found 400 minutemen waiting for them.  The minutemen forced the British to retreat. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Revolution Begins (cont.) (pages 129–131)

66. Section 2-17 After the battles at Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia to address the issue of defense.  The Congress voted to adopt the militia army around Boston and named it the Continental Army.  On June 15, 1775, Congress appointed George Washington to head the Continental Army. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Revolution Begins (cont.) (pages 129–131)

67. Section 2-18 The Battle at Bunker Hill resulted in turning back two British advances.  The colonial militia only retreated due to a lack of ammunition.  It was a huge boost to American confidence that the untrained colonials could stand up to the feared British army.  The situation reached a stalemate with the British trapped in Boston surrounded by militia. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Revolution Begins (cont.) (pages 129–131)

68. Section 2-19 Why was the American Revolution also a civil war? Americans called Loyalists, or Tories, remained loyal to the king and felt British laws should be upheld. The Patriots, or Whigs, thought the British were tyrants. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Revolution Begins (cont.) (pages 129–131)

69. Section 2-20 (pages 131–133) The Decision for Independence Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In 1776, frustrated by British refusal to compromise, Patriot leaders began to call for independence.  In July 1775, the Continental Congress sent a document known as the Olive Branch Petition to the king.  It stated that the colonies were still loyal to King George III and asked the king to call off the army while a compromise could be made.

70. Section 2-21 At the same time, radicals in Congress had ordered an attack on the British troops in Quebec.  This convinced the British that there was no hope of reconciliation.  King George refused to look at the Olive Branch Petition. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 131–133) The Decision for Independence (cont.)

71. Section 2-22 Two Loyalist armies were organized to assist the British troops in Virginia.  One was composed of all white loyalists, the other of enslaved Africans.  The Africans were promised freedom if they fought for the Loyalist cause.  Southern planters, fearing they would loose their lands and labor force, wanted the colonies to declare independence. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 131–133) The Decision for Independence (cont.)

72. Section 2-23 Patriot troops defeated the British in Norfolk, Virginia; Charles Town, South Carolina; and Boston, Massachusetts.  In December 1775, the king shut down trade with the colonies and ordered the British navy to blockade the coast.  The British began recruiting mercenaries from Germany. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 131–133) The Decision for Independence (cont.)

73. Section 2-24 In January 1776, the persuasive pamphlet called Common Sense, by Thomas Paine, caused many colonists to call for independence from Britain.  On July 4, 1776, a committee of Patriot leaders approved a document written by Thomas Jefferson that became known as the Declaration of Independence.  The American Revolution had begun. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 131–133) The Decision for Independence (cont.)

74. Section 2-25 In what ways did the Continental Congress act like a government? The Continental Congress sent people to negotiate with the Native Americans, and it established a postal system, a Continental Navy, and Marine Corps. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 131–133) The Decision for Independence (cont.)

75. Section 2-26 Checking for Understanding __ 1.American colonists who supported Britain and opposed the War for Independence __ 2.companies of civilian soldiers who boasted they were ready to fight on a minute’s notice __ 3.committee organized in each colony to communicate with and unify the colonies __ 4.American colonist who supported the War for Independence A.committee of correspondence B.minuteman C.Loyalist D.Patriot Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. B A C D

76. Section 2-28 Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Government and Democracy After King George III refused to consider the Olive Branch Petition, in what ways did the Continental Congress begin to act like an independent government? It began negotiations with the Native Americans, established a postal system and a navy, and authorized privateering.

77. Section 2-29 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Synthesizing What role did the committees of correspondence play in the colonists’ move toward independence? By communicating with other colonies about British activities, the committees helped unify colonies and shape public opinion.

78. Section 2-30 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Examining Maps Study the map on page 130 of your textbook. Why do you think Paul Revere and William Dawes took different routes on the first leg of their journey? Possible answer: The different routes helped avoid capture by the British troops. The two men started from different points, and they wanted to alert as many people as possible.

79. Section 2-31 Close Explain the events that led up to the actions taken by the second Continental Congress.

80. End of Section 2

81. Section 3-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading After a war lasting several years, the colonists finally won their independence from Great Britain.  William Howe  Main Idea Key Terms and Names guerilla warfare  Nathan Hale  Valley Forge  Marquis de Lafayette  Saratoga  letters of marque  John Paul Jones  Charles Cornwallis  Battle of Kings Mountain

82. Section 3-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Sequencing As you read about the war for independence, complete a time line similar to the one on page 138 of your textbook to record the major battles and their outcomes.  Describe the strategies behind the Northern Campaign.  Reading Objectives Summarize the scope of the war at sea.

83. Section 3-3 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Global Connections Hostility between the French and British caused France to support the colonies.

84. Section 3-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

85. The Continental Army was inexperienced, poorly equipped, and had difficulty keeping soldiers.  The Continental Congress lacked the power to tax, so it had a difficult time paying for the war.  A wealthy Pennsylvania merchant, Robert Morris, pledged large sums of money to the war effort. Section 3-5 The Opposing Sides Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. General William Howe was the commander of a disciplined, well trained, and well equipped British army.  (pages 138–139)

86. These militias often used guerrilla warfare, in which they hid among trees and behind walls and then ambushed the British troops.  The British needed to win the war quickly or opinion in Parliament might shift to oppose the war.  The United States did not have to defeat Britain but only survive until the British became tired of paying for the war. Section 3-6 The British forces had to fight the Continental Army and local militias.  The Opposing Sides (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 138–139)

87. Section 3-7 What disadvantages did the British troops and the Continental Army face in the War for Independence? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Opposing Sides (cont.) (pages 138–139)

88. Section 3-8 The British forces had to fight the Continental Army and local militias. These militias often used guerrilla warfare, which was difficult to defeat. The British were not united at home and needed to win the war quickly and cheaply, or opinion in Parliament might shift to oppose the war. Also, other European countries were eager to use Britain’s problems to benefit themselves, so Britain had to station military in many places in the world to protect its empire. The Continental Army was inexperienced, poorly equipped, and had difficulty enlisting and keeping soldiers. The Continental Congress lacked the power to tax, so it had a difficult time paying for the war. The Opposing Sides (cont.) (pages 138–139)

89. Section 3-9 The Northern Campaign Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In order to win, the British had to convince Americans that the war was a hopeless cause and to make it safe for them to surrender.  General Howe’s strategy had two parts– to build up a massive military to intimidate the Americans and to invite delegates from the Continental Congress to a peace conference.  The Americans realized that Howe was only interested in negotiating a surrender, so they quit the talks. (pages 139–142)

90. Section 3-10 George Washington’s troops showed their inexperience by fleeing when British troops landed on Long Island in 1776.  The British moved slowly, allowing the surviving American troops time to escape to Manhattan Island.  The British captured New York City, which became their headquarters for the rest of the war. The Northern Campaign (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 139–142)

91. Section 3-11 Disguised as a Dutch schoolteacher, American Captain Nathan Hale was sent to spy on the British.  He was caught and hanged by the British.  His last words were “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”  The British troops forced Washington and his troops to retreat at the Battle of White Plains in October 1776. The Northern Campaign (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 139–142)

92. Section 3-12 Thomas Paine wrote the pamphlet The American Crisis to help boost American morale.  George Washington planned unexpected winter attacks against the British troops at Trenton and Princeton, New Jersey.  Washington and his troops won the attacks and then headed into the hills of northern New Jersey for the remainder of winter. The Northern Campaign (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 139–142)

93. Section 3-13 In 1777 King George III approved a plan developed by General John Burgoyne to isolate New England from the other American states.  The British, however, did not coordinate their efforts, and the three-pronged attack on New York was a failure.  On September 11, 1777, British General Howe’s troops defeated Washington at the Battle of Brandywine Creek and captured Philadelphia. The Northern Campaign (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 139–142)

94. Section 3-14 The Continental Congress, which he had hoped to capture, had escaped.  Howe had failed to destroy the Continental Army, which camped at Valley Forge for the winter.  Brutal conditions at Valley Forge did not stop Washington from training his army. The Northern Campaign (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 139–142)

95. Section 3-15 European military officers, Marquis de Lafayette from France and Baron Friedrich von Steuban from Prussia, helped Washington increase morale and improve discipline among the American troops.  General Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga, and over 5,000 British troops were taken prisoner. The Northern Campaign (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 139–142)

96. Section 3-16 The American victory was a turning point because it improved American morale and convinced France to send troops to the American cause.  In February 1778, Americans signed two treaties with France.  As a result of the treaties, France became the first country to recognize the United States as an independent nation, and the United States and France formed an alliance. The Northern Campaign (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 139–142)

97. Section 3-17 Why was the British surrender at Saratoga a turning point in the war for the Americans? The American victory was a turning point because it improved American morale and convinced France to send troops to the American cause. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Northern Campaign (cont.) (pages 139–142)

98. Section 3-18 (page 142) The War in the West Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. By February 1779, the British in the West surrendered to Patriot George Rogers Clark, giving the United States control of the region.  Chief Joseph Brant convinced four Iroquois nations to help the British.  In July 1778, British and Iroquois forces attacked western Pennsylvania, destroying villages and killing militia troops.

99. Section 3-19 In July 1779, American troops defeated the British and Iroquois forces in western New York, destroying the power of the Iroquois people.  The Cherokee attacked settlers in Virginia and North Carolina.  By 1780 American militias had burned hundreds of Cherokee towns. The War in the West (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 142)

100. Section 3-20 Why were the powers of the Iroquois and the Cherokee people destroyed? Chief Joseph Brant convinced four Iroquois nations to join the British in attacks against Americans in western Pennsylvania. American troops retaliated against the Iroquois in western New York. These battles destroyed the power of the Iroquois. The Cherokee attacked settlers in Virginia and North Carolina. By 1780 American militias had burned hundreds of Cherokee towns. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The War in the West (cont.) (page 142)

101. Section 3-21 (pages 142–143) The War at Sea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. American warships attacked British merchant ships to disrupt trade.  Congress began issuing letters of marque, or licenses, to private ship owners authorizing them to attack British merchant ships.  The cargo seized by privateers seriously hurt Britain’s trade and economy.

102. Section 3-22 An American naval officer, John Paul Jones, was involved in the most famous naval battle of the war.  Jones’s ship almost sank when it was heavily damaged by the British.  Instead of surrendering, Jones attached his ship to Britain’s ship, boarded, and after a three-hour battle the British surrendered. The War at Sea (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 142–143)

103. Section 3-23 How did Americans attack the British at sea? Instead of attacking the British fleet directly, American warships attacked British merchant ships to destroy their trade and economy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The War at Sea (cont.) (pages 142–143)

104. Section 3-24 (pages 143–144) The Southern Campaign Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. After being defeated at Saratoga, the British focused their attention on the South where they felt they had the strongest Loyalist support.  In December 1778, British troops captured Savannah, Georgia, and returned Georgia to British power.  British General Henry Clinton was sent to capture Charles Town, South Carolina.

105. Section 3-25 Charles Town became the greatest American defeat as British troops surrounded the town, trapping the American forces.  General Charles Cornwallis took over for Clinton.  Loyalist troops commanded by two British cavalry officers were known for brutal attacks.  The Loyalists troops went too far when they tried subduing people in the Appalachian Mountains. The Southern Campaign (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 143–144)

106. Section 3-26 Americans in this region formed a militia force.  The militia intercepted the Loyalist forces at the Battle of Kings Mountain.  The militia destroyed the Loyalist army.  This battle was a turning point in the South.  Southern farmers began organizing their own militia forces. The Southern Campaign (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 143–144)

107. Section 3-27 American commander General Nathaniel Greene organized the militia in the South into small units to carry out hit-and-run raids against British camps and supply wagons.  “Swamp Fox” Francis Marion led the most famous of these units. The Southern Campaign (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 143–144)

108. Section 3-28 The Southern Campaign (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 143–144) Why did the British focus their attention on the South? The British believed they had the strongest Loyalist support within the South.

109. Section 3-29 The War is Won Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In the spring of 1781, the British invaded Virginia, hoping to keep control of the South.  British General Cornwallis and his forces linked up with British commander Benedict Arnold (formerly an American commander) to conquer Virginia.  In June 1781, American General Anthony Wayne and his troops forced Cornwallis to retreat to Yorktown. (pages 144–145)

110. Section 3-30 On September 28, 1781, American and French troops surrounded Yorktown.  On October 14, Alexander Hamilton led an attack to capture key British defenses.  On October 19, 1781, British troops surrendered.  In March 1792, Parliament voted to begin peace negotiations. The War is Won (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 144–145)

111. Section 3-31 The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783.  In the treaty, the British recognized the United States as a new nation with the Mississippi River as its western border.  Britain gave Florida back to Spain.  The French received colonies in Africa and the Caribbean. The War is Won (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 144–145)

112. Section 3-32 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Why did the British fear their time was running out to win and end the war? The British knew that more French troops were on the way to assist the Americans. The War is Won (cont.) (pages 144–145)

113. Section 3-33 Checking for Understanding __ 1.a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes __ 2.licenses issued by Congress to private ship owners authorizing them to attack British merchant ships. A.guerrilla warfare B.letters of marque Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. B A

114. Section 3-34 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Global Connections Why were the French at first reluctant to sign an alliance with the colonies? France was not willing to send troops until they believed the Americans could win.

115. Section 3-36 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Evaluating How did European countries aid the Americans in the war for independence? Spain and France sent arms and supplies to assist the United States. Other European nations drew part of Britain’s military to other areas of the world.

116. Section 3-37 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Examining Art Study the painting on page 141 of your textbook. How has the artist portrayed the condition of Washington’s army? The army is tired, wounded, and ragged.

117. Section 3-39 Close Explain the terms of the Treaty of Paris.

118. End of Section 3

119. Section 4-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading The American Revolution changed American society in a variety of ways.  republic  Main Idea Key Terms and Names Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom  Molly Pitcher  emancipation  manumission  John Trumbull  Charles Wilson Peale

120. Section 4-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Organizing As you read about changes in American society after the American Revolution, complete a graphic organizer like the one on page 147 of your textbook by listing the features of the U.S. political system set up after the war.  Describe the features of the political system of the United States set up after the Revolutionary War.  Reading Objectives Explain the position of women and African Americans in the new political system.

121. Section 4-3 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Culture and Traditions A uniquely American culture arose as the Revolutionary War ended.

122. Section 4-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

123. Section 4-5 (pages 147–149) New Political Ideas Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. By declaring its independence, America had established a republic, a form of government in which power resides with a body of citizens with the right to vote.  In an ideal republic, all citizens are equal under the law and the government gets its authority from the people.  John Adams felt that democracy hurt a republican government.

124. Section 4-6 He argued that government needed checks and balances to stop any group from getting too strong and taking away minority rights.  Adams wanted a mixed government with a separation of powers among separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches.  Adams said that the legislature should have two houses.  His ideas influenced many state constitutions. New Political Ideas (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 147–149)

125. Section 4-7 Many states attached a list of rights to their constitutions.  The Revolution led to an expansion of voting rights.  After fighting side by side, people’s belief in equality increased.  Many states allowed any white male who paid taxes to vote, regardless of owning property. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. New Political Ideas (cont.) (pages 147–149)

126. Section 4-8 In 1786 Virginia Governor Thomas Jefferson asked Congress to pass the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom.  It declared that Virginia no longer had an official church and the state could no longer collect taxes for the church. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. New Political Ideas (cont.) (pages 147–149)

127. Section 4-9 What ideas did John Adams promote for the country’s new republican government? Adams argued that government needed checks and balances to stop any group from getting too strong and taking away minority rights. Adams wanted a mixed government with a separation of powers among executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Adams said that the legislature should have two houses. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. New Political Ideas (cont.) (pages 147–149)

128. Section 4-10 (pages 149–151) The War and American Society Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Although African Americans and women had helped with the Revolutionary War effort, greater equality and liberty after the war applied mostly to white men.  Women played an important role in the Revolutionary War at home and in battle.  Some women ran the family farm during the war.  Others traveled with the army to cook, wash, and nurse the wounded.

129. Section 4-11 A few even joined the battle field. Molly Pitcher became well known for carrying water to Patriot gunners during the Battle of Monmouth.  After the Revolution, women made some advances.  They could more easily obtain a divorce.  They also gained greater access to education. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 149–151) The War and American Society

130. Section 4-12 Thousands of enslaved African Americans obtained their freedom during and after the war.  Emancipation became a major issue.  Many American leaders felt that enslaving people conflicted with the new views on liberty and equality.  Although free, these African Americans faced discrimination, segregation, and voting restrictions. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 149–151) The War and American Society (cont.)

131. Section 4-13 In 1816 African American church leaders formed the first independent African American denomination, the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church.  Southern leaders were uninterested in ending slavery because they felt slaves were needed to sustain their agricultural economy.  Virginia was the only southern state to take steps to end slavery. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 149–151) The War and American Society (cont.)

132. Section 4-14 In 1782 the state passed a law encouraging manumission, or the voluntary freeing of enslaved persons, especially those who had fought in the Revolution.  After the war, Loyalists were often shunned by their friends and occasionally had their property seized by state governments.  Many fled to England, the British West Indies, or British North America. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 149–151) The War and American Society (cont.)

133. Section 4-15 What advances did women make after the war ended? Women could more easily obtain a divorce and had better access to education. More schools for girls opened, and the number of women readers increased. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 149–151) The War and American Society (cont.)

134. Section 4-16 (pages 151–152) An American Culture Emerges Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Revolution created nationalist feelings because all Americans were fighting a common enemy.  This feeling gave rise to many patriotic symbols and American folklore.  American painters John Trumbull and Charles Willson Peale depicted heroic deeds and American leaders of the Revolution in their works.  They helped build an American culture.

135. Section 4-17 American leaders thought that an educated public was critical to the success of the new republic.  Many state constitutions provided government-funding for universities.  In 1795 the University of North Carolina became the first state university in the nation. An American Culture Emerges (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 151–152)

136. Section 4-18 How did elementary education in America change after the war? Elementary education focused on an American-centered style of teaching. Schools disregarded British textbooks, taught republican ideas, and told the history of the war for independence. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. An American Culture Emerges (cont.) (pages 151–152)

137. Section 4-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Checking for Understanding __ 1.the voluntary freeing of enslaved persons __ 2.the act or process of freeing enslaved persons __ 3.form of government in which power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote A.republic B.emancipation C.manumission Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. B A C

138. Section 4-20 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. List three features of the political system of the United States set up after the Revolutionary War. Possible answers: Features in the new political system include that the government was a republic, there was an equality of all citizens under the law, voting rights were expanded, and freedom of religion existed.

139. Section 4-21 Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Cultures and Traditions What new aspects of American culture emerged after the Revolutionary War? Possible answers: After the war, there was a rise in patriotic symbols and common folklore, paintings of significant events and of everyday life, and a new emphasis on education.

140. Section 4-22 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Synthesizing Why did nationalist feelings emerge in the United States after the American Revolution? Fighting a common enemy united the country and gave rise to patriotic symbols and common folklore.

141. Section 4-23 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Examining Art Study the painting by Charles Wilson Peale shown on page 152 of your textbook. How does this painting reveal the republican ideas of the time? The uncomplicated, simple style of the painting depicts the ideal republic model of common equality.

142. Section 4-24 Close Describe the major social changes that followed the War for Independence.

143. End of Section 4

144. Chapter Summary 1

145. End of Chapter Summary

146. Chapter Assessment 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 1.the act or process of freeing enslaved persons __ 2.a pledge by merchants not to buy imported goods from a particular source __ 3.licenses issued by Congress to private ship owners authorizing them to attack British merchant ships __ 4.companies of civilian soldiers who boasted they were ready to fight on a minute’s notice __ 5.the loss of value of money A.inflation B.nonimportation agreement C.writ of assistance D.committee of correspondence E.minuteman F.Loyalist G.guerrilla warfare H.letters of marque I.republic J.emancipation B H J E A

147. Chapter Assessment 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 6.American colonists who supported Britain and opposed the War for Independence __ 7.a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes __ 8.form of government in which power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote G I F A.inflation B.nonimportation agreement C.writ of assistance D.committee of correspondence E.minuteman F.Loyalist G.guerrilla warfare H.letters of marque I.republic J.emancipation

148. Chapter Assessment 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 9.committee organized in each colony to communicate with and unify the colonies __ 10.a search warrant enabling customs officers to enter any location to look for evidence of smuggling C D A.inflation B.nonimportation agreement C.writ of assistance D.committee of correspondence E.minuteman F.Loyalist G.guerrilla warfare H.letters of marque I.republic J.emancipation

149. Chapter Assessment 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts Why did King George III issue the Proclamation of 1763? King George wanted to prevent going to war with Native Americans over the settlement of the land west of the Appalachian Mountains.

150. Chapter Assessment 5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What were the effects of the Boston Tea Party? After the Boston Tea Party, the British Parliament enacted the Coercive Acts.

151. Chapter Assessment 6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) Why was the Battle of Saratoga a turning point in the Revolutionary War? Winning the Battle of Saratoga improved American morale and convinced France to commit troops to the American cause.

152. Chapter Assessment 7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris? In the Treaty of Paris, Britain recognized the United States as a new nation, gave Florida back to Spain, and gave France colonies in Africa and the Caribbean.

153. Chapter Assessment 8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) Why did a new American culture emerge after the war? People felt a new sense of national identity and they wanted to create a culture that would support their new form of government.

154. Chapter Assessment 9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Analyzing Themes: Civic Rights and Responsibilities What rights did the colonists want from Britain? The colonists wanted freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to bear arms, the right to trial by jury, protection against searching homes without a warrant, and protection against the government seizing property without proper court proceedings.

155. Chapter Assessment 10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking (cont.) Evaluating During the war, how did The American Crisis, No. 1, by Thomas Paine influence the morale of Washington’s troops? In The American Crisis, Paine reminded soldiers of the potential rewards such as respect and honor that would come to those who faced difficulties and stayed the course.

156. Chapter Assessment 11 Geography and History The map on page 155 of your textbook shows the land claims in North America as a result of the 1783 Treaty of Paris. Study the map and answer the questions on the following slides.

157. Chapter Assessment 12 Interpreting Maps After the Revolutionary War, what were the borders for the United States on the north? On the south? On the west? The Northern borders were the Hudson River and the Great Lakes. The Southern border was the Gulf of Mexico, and the Western border was the Mississippi River. Geography and History (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

158. Chapter Assessment 13 Geography and History (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Applying Geography Skills Which countries shared a border with the United States? Britain and Spain shared a border with the United States.

159. Chapter Assessment 14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question. The colonists complained about having to pay British taxes while not being allowed to vote for members of the British Parliament. Which of the following quotations best expresses their complaint? A“Give me liberty or give me death.” B“Taxation without representation is tyranny.” C“These are the times that try men’s souls.” D“Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes.” Test-Taking Tip Use the process of elimination to rule out any answers that you know are wrong. For example, two of the answers suggest that the colonists and the British may already be at war, while only one answer mentions the main issue.

160. End of Chapter Assessment

161. History Online Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The American Vision Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://tav.glencoe.com

162. CC 1-1 Performing Arts Dancing masters taught wealthy colonists the latest dance steps. A line dance called the reel was popular during colonial times. The cotillion, imported from the courts of France, was also popular. The cotillion is a forerunner of the square dance. Four couple formed a group and danced at the directions of the “caller.”

163. CC 2-1 Role of Religion in Declaring Independence The Revolutionary War effort drew powerful support from the Congregational, Presbyterian, and other Christian churches whose clergy had no official ties with England. In contrast, the Anglican Church in America opposed the Revolution. Anglican clergy saw opposition to British rule as a danger to all authority. Their support of Britain drew widespread acceptance among colonial aristocracy, particularly in the Southern colonies.

164. F/F/F 3-Fact America’s Flags On June 14, 1777, the Continental Congress declared the first Stars and Stripes the official flag. The Congress determined that “the Flag of the United States be 13 stripes, alternate red and white; that the Union be 13 stars, white in a blue field representing a new constellation.” For Americans past and present, the color red symbolized courage; white, purity of ideals; and blue, strength and unity of the states.

165. FYI 1-1 Just 20 years after the treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years’ War, the Paris Peace Treaty of 1783 was signed, formally ending the American Revolution. The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was signed to mark the end of the Spanish- American War.

166. FYI Contents 2 Paul Revere Battle of Bunker Hill Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

167. FYI 2-1a Trained by his father as a silversmith, Paul Revere became one of America’s great artists. In addition to his work in silver, Revere engraved copper plates. One of his most famous engravings depicting the Boston Massacre appears on page 124 of your textbook.

168. FYI 2-2b Many citizens of Boston had a bird’s-eye view of the Battle of Bunker Hill. Some climbed onto rooftops and church steeples to watch the fighting.

169. FYI Contents 3 Robert Morris Valley Forge Surrender at Saratoga Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

170. FYI 3-1a Sometimes called the financier of the Revolutionary War, Robert Morris saw his personal wealth slip away when he got involved in land speculation. He spent more than three years in debtors’ prison around the turn of the century.

171. FYI 3-2b During the winter of 1777, approximately 12,000 men were quartered at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. Although the weather is blamed for many deaths that winter, the temperatures and precipitation, including rain and snow, were typical for winter in this area of Pennsylvania. What made the winter particularly dangerous for the troops was the lack of proper housing and clothing.

172. FYI 3-3c Following their surrender at Saratoga, Burgoyne and most of his troops returned to Britain. The Saratoga Convention stipulated that the troops would be allowed to go home if they promised not to return to North America for the remainder of the war.

173. You Don’t Say 1-1 Fort Pitt In 1758 the French abandoned and burned Fort Duquesne. The English rebuilt it and named it Fort Pitt. The nearby town was names Pittsburgh.

174. CT Skill Builder 1 Understanding Cause and Effect To understand past events, you should look for why or how an event or a chain of events took place. This process is using the skill of understanding causes and effects. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

175. CT Skill Builder 2 Learning the Skill The French and Indian War left Britain in debt. To raise money Britain introduced a stamp tax in the American colonies. The war was the cause that led to Britain’s need for more money. The tax on the colonies was the effect, or result. The chart on the right shows how one event–the cause–led to another–the effect. Understanding Cause and Effect

176. CT Skill Builder 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Learning the Skill (cont.) You can often identify cause-and-effect relationships in sentences from clue words such as the following:  because  due to  so that  Understanding Cause and Effect therefore  thus  led to  produced  in order to  as a result

177. CT Skill Builder 4 In a chain of events, an effect often becomes the cause of other events. The chart below shows the chain of events in the colonial rebellion. Learning the Skill (cont.) Understanding Cause and Effect

178. CT Skill Builder 5 Practicing the Skill Determine which events are causes and which are effects in the sentences listed on the following slides. Understanding Cause and Effect

179. 1.The Treaty of Paris, which ended the French and Indian War in 1763, eliminated French power in North America. 2.Thousands of British workers lost their jobs after the colonies cancelled orders for British goods. CT Skill Builder 6 Cause: Treaty of Paris Effect: French power in North America is eliminated Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Cause: Colonies cancel orders Effect: British worker lose their jobs Understanding Cause and Effect Practicing the Skill (cont.)

180. CT Skill Builder 7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. 3.The British failure to listen to colonial grievances led to armed conflict. 4.The French decided to send aid to the Americans after Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga. Cause: British ignore grievances Effect: Armed conflict Cause: Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga Effect: France aids Americans Understanding Cause and Effect Practicing the Skill (cont.)

181. TAV Video 1 Women of the Revolution Click in the small window above to show a preview of The American Vision video. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Objectives Recognize the important contribution women made to the Revolutionary War effort.  Understand that women who followed their husbands to the battlefield shared the same hardships.  Know that ordinary people performed extraordinary deeds during the Revolutionary War. After viewing “Women of the Revolution,” you should: 

182. TAV Video 2 Discussion Questions Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Why did Mary Hays follow her husband into battle? She had no means of support–no farm, no money, and no income. Women of the Revolution

183. TAV Video 3 Discussion Questions Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. How did Mary Hays get the name Molly Pitcher? She brought pitchers of water to men who were dying on the battlefield at Monmouth, New Jersey. Women of the Revolution

184. Causes and Effects 1 Tensions With Britain The American Revolution Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

185. Causes and Effects 2

186. Causes and Effects 3

187. M/C 1 The Proclamation of 1763 Causes and Effects of Tensions With Britain Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

188. M/C 1-1

189. M/C 1-2

190. M/C 2 Causes and Effects of the American Revolution Battles of Lexington and Concord, April 1775 Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

191. M/C 2-1

192. M/C 2-2

193. M/C 3-1

194. M/C 3-2

195. M/C 3-3

196. M/C 4-1

197. Why It Matters Transparency

198. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

199. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

200. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The British forces appeared better prepared because the British forces were nearly all trained soldiers and sailors whereas the colonial forces were nearly all untrained volunteers.

201. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

202. End of Custom Shows WARNING! Do Not Remove This slide is intentionally blank and is set to auto-advance to end custom shows and return to the main presentation.

203. End of Slide Show