1. High Speed Vessel Fendering System Design Presenters: Cameron Clark Dave Maharaj Okason Morrison Jean-Pierre Njante Alexandra Ortiz Advisor: Prof. Sadegh Sponsor: U.S. Army Natick Soldier Center May 17, 2005

2. The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Overview Nomenclature Nomenclature Problem Definition Problem Definition Ship Specification Ship Specification Patent Search Patent Search GANTT Chart GANTT Chart Design Concept Alternatives Design Concept Alternatives Final Fender Design Final Fender Design Analysis of Final Fender Design Concept Analysis of Final Fender Design Concept Final Fender Design Specifications Final Fender Design Specifications Manufacturing Process Manufacturing Process Modifications performed Modifications performed Testing: Testing: StaticStatic DynamicDynamic Testing Results Testing Results Conclusion Conclusion Future Work Future Work

3. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Nomenclature Fender: Fender: Absorb the kinetic energy of berthing vessels.Absorb the kinetic energy of berthing vessels. Provide standoff distance to prevent contact with other vessels and supporting structures.Provide standoff distance to prevent contact with other vessels and supporting structures. Protect vessel from damage.Protect vessel from damage. Causeways Causeways Dock Dock Ship-to-ship Ship-to-ship Outer beam (donut) Outer beam (donut)

4. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Problem Definition Design a pneumatic fender system for an Australian high-speed passenger ferry. Design a pneumatic fender system for an Australian high-speed passenger ferry. Manufacture a scaled down prototype of the fender. Manufacture a scaled down prototype of the fender. Develop a deployment and storage mechanism. Develop a deployment and storage mechanism. Fender should be designed for applications such as ship-to-ship, ship to causeways and ship to pier or dock. Fender should be designed for applications such as ship-to-ship, ship to causeways and ship to pier or dock. Fender must maintain a standoff distance of 6ft from contacting structure. Fender must maintain a standoff distance of 6ft from contacting structure. Test prototype for abrasion and functionality. Test prototype for abrasion and functionality.

5. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department HSV Specifications Swift Basic Dimensions: Length Overall = 318.92 ft Beam Overall = 87.25 ft Freeboard = 31.90 ft Draft = 11.25 ft Single Hull Beam = 15.50 ft Vert Location of Rub Rail on Hull = 3.0 ft from water line from water line Weight: Deadweight = 669 long tons Displacement; loaded = 1772 long tons Displacement; loaded = 1772 long tons

6. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Patent Search Patent #6161494 highlights Patent #6161494 highlights ◊ Inflation-deflation bodies. ◊ Activation by command. ◊ Reduce storage space. Patent #5357888 highlights Patent #5357888 highlights ◊ Elongated inflatable buoyancy tube. ◊ Deflated before use. Patents used as guidance for concept development:

7. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Design GANTT Chart (Schedule Table)

8. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Manufacturing GANTT Chart

9. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Existing Fender Designs

10. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Design Concept Alternatives 1 & 2 Elastomer “Balloon” Advantage Ensures that the ships do not come within the specified minimum distance. Ensures that the ships do not come within the specified minimum distance. Absorbs the impact energy by the extra beams. Absorbs the impact energy by the extra beams. The pressure is kept approximately constant in the air beams. The pressure is kept approximately constant in the air beams.Disadvantage Manufacturing issues of the extra beams. Manufacturing issues of the extra beams. Manufacturing issues at the connections. Manufacturing issues at the connections. Elastomer “Balloon”

11. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Design Concept Alternative 3 Expansion beams Advantage Ensures that the ships do not come within the specified minimum distance. Ensures that the ships do not come within the specified minimum distance. Absorbs the impact energy by the expansion beam. Absorbs the impact energy by the expansion beam. The pressure is kept approximately constant in the beams. The pressure is kept approximately constant in the beams.Disadvantage Manufacturing issues at the expansion beam connections. Manufacturing issues at the expansion beam connections.

12. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Design Concept Alternative 4 Advantage Independent translation & rotation of the outer beam “donut”. Independent translation & rotation of the outer beam “donut”. “Donut” absorbs most of the energy. (Takes the abuse) “Donut” absorbs most of the energy. (Takes the abuse)Disadvantage Corrosion issues with bottom bushing. Corrosion issues with bottom bushing. Buoyancy issues. Buoyancy issues. Require lubrication. Require lubrication. Storage. Storage. Cable Commercial Fender Protection Bushing Single air beams configuration with commercial fender protection as an outer beam “donut”

13. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Final Fender Design Concept WeightsRope Outer beam “Donut” One-way Valve Water Reservoir

14. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Final Fender Design Concept Air Release Water Reservoir Ring Separation of air beam And water reservoir

15. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Water Reservoir Functionality

16. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Air Beam Calculations Configuration Equations

17. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Sensitivity of air beam diameter to crush distance and pressure

18. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Initial Pressure vs Displacement of a 6 ft diameter air beam when it reaches the final pressure of 8 Psig Max. pressure of 8 psig is reached when a 6ft dia. air beam of 4.5 psig is displaced by 1.8 ft

19. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Outer Beam “Donut” Calculations Thickness Determination Where: ρ r = density of “donut” material. ρ w = density of water. ρ a = density of air. R fender = radius of fender. T = total “donut” thickness. t = thickness of “donut” material.

20. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Final Design Specifications Pneumatic fender configuration air beam size: Pneumatic fender configuration air beam size: Height : 12 ft Diameter: 6 ft Internal pressure: 6 psig Estimated maximum displacement at 8 psig: 1 ft Outer beam “donut” configuration: Outer beam “donut” configuration: Height: 5 ft Inner diameter: 6.5 ft Outer diameter: 9 ft Donut thickness: 1.25 ft wall thickness: ½ inch internal pressure of donut: 4 psig Clearance between donut and fender is 3 inches. Clearance between donut and fender is 3 inches.

21. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Finite Element Analysis Symmetric model with concentrated Load Application Load: 108 kips Constraints Internal pressure: 8psig

22. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Finite Element Analysis – Deformation 3.47in

23. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Finite Element Analysis – Stress 237.7ksi

24. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Finite Element Analysis Symmetric Model with distributed Load Application Load: 108 kips Internal pressure: 8psig Constraints

25. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Finite Element Analysis – Deformation 0.22in

26. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Finite Element Analysis – Stress 171.7ksi

27. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Fender Modifications The following modifications were done to the fender due to manufacturing limitations. No weights at the bottom. No weights at the bottom. Crown location was moved. Crown location was moved. Straps were added. Straps were added. Foam was used inside the outer beam instead of air. Foam was used inside the outer beam instead of air.

28. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Manufacturing Material used for the air beam: Brown tarp Brown tarp White strap White strap Plexy glass Plexy glass Threads Threads Copper wire (made into a ring) Copper wire (made into a ring) Materials used for the outer beam: Rubber Rubber Adhesive Adhesive Black spray paint Black spray paint Materials:

29. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Manufacturing Process

30. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Manufactured Prototype Scale: 1/10 th

31. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Manufacturing Process Crane

32. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Deployment and Storage

33. Inflation of the Air Beam

34. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Deployment Testing

35. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Free Body Diagram M w *g F drag s M ship a

36. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Testing Setup

37. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Stability Testing

38. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Static Testing Results

39. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Dynamic-Undamped Testing Results

40. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Dynamic-Damped Testing Results

41. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Conclusion This design has a good energy absorption capability. This design has a good energy absorption capability. It can be quickly and easily deployed/stored. It can be quickly and easily deployed/stored. Occupies small storage area. Occupies small storage area. It has a good stability in water. It has a good stability in water. Can be used for the different berthing applications. Can be used for the different berthing applications.

42. May 17, 2005 The City College of New York Mechanical Engineering Department Future Work Perform a pressure differential test for inner air beam. Perform a pressure differential test for inner air beam. Pressurize the outer beam (donut). Pressurize the outer beam (donut). Devise a better means of recording deflection. Devise a better means of recording deflection. Perform torsional testing. Perform torsional testing. Redesign one-way valve. Redesign one-way valve.

43. Thank You Questions?