1. Primary & Secondary Sources By: Deborah Kallina

2. Learning Objectives Identify “primary source” Identify “secondary source” Explain the difference between them

3. Three Characteristics of a Primary Source (1) original source that was created during the time being studied or created at a later date by a participant in the event being studied

4. Three Characteristics of a Primary Source (2) enables you to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period

5. Three Characteristics of a Primary Source (3) reflects the viewpoint of a participant or observer, as in the case of historic newspapers

6. Primary Sources Examples autobiographies, memoirs letters, diaries, books, novels

7. Primary Sources Examples newspapers, magazines, pamphlets

8. Primary Sources Examples speeches, manuscripts, maps

9. Primary Sources Examples artwork paintings sculpture poetry sheet music

10. Primary Sources Examples daguerreotypes & photographs archives & artifacts

11. Primary Sources Examples business records court records church records government records congressional hearings census records

12. Primary Sources Examples research data, statistics interviews, public opinion polls movies, videos, DVDs video & audio recordings images, cartoons, advertisements

13. Secondary Sources - Are they important? Yes! Even though secondary sources are not firsthand, they allow you to build your research on the research of other scholars!

14. Three Characteristics of a Secondary Source (1) second-hand source, not the original source, such as a scholarly journal

15. Three Characteristics of a Secondary Source (2) a scholar analyzes an historical event or time period, then draws conclusions about it

16. Three Characteristics of a Secondary Source (3) a scholar uses primary sources and the research of others to interpret and comment on the past

17. Secondary Sources Examples biographies, textbooks reference books encyclopedias, dictionaries scholarly articles & books popular books & articles

18. Let’s Do a Quick Review What’s the difference between a primary source and a secondary source?

19. Difference between Primary & Secondary Sources Primary: Original Source the “topic” Secondary: Second-Hand Source analysis of the “topic”

20. Difference may be difficult to determine American history textbook is a secondary source Reprint of U.S. Constitution in the history textbook is a primary source

21. One last point to consider… Can primary & secondary sources sometimes contain bias and be subjective?

22. Bias in Primary Sources & Secondary Sources? Primary & Secondary Sources are the viewpoint or memory of either a participant or observer… so Yes, sometimes they are subjective and contain bias.

23. Test Yourself - Primary Sources? original painting? diary by a Vietnam Veteran? an autobiography?

24. Test Yourself - Primary Sources? original painting?Yes diary by a Vietnam Veteran? Yes an autobiography?Yes

25. Test Yourself - Secondary Sources? scholarly review of Toni Morrison’s Beloved? encyclopedia? history textbook?

26. Test Yourself - Secondary Sources? scholarly review of Toni Morrison’s Beloved?Yes encyclopediaYes history textbookYes

27. Primary Sources & Secondary Sources Any questions?

28. Congratulations! Now you know the difference between primary & secondary sources Check out the recommended websites for primary sources:

29. Good luck on your research! Discover the wealth of historical information at: Library of Congress Research and Reference Services http://www.loc.gov/rr/ and thehttp://www.loc.gov/rr/ Library of Congress American Memory Project http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html

30. References for Primary and Secondary Sources Information University of California Berkeley http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of West Florida Libraries http://library.uwf.edu/Research/OnlineTutorials/SourceTypes/ List of References for Images used in this tutorial References Primary Secondary Sources Images.pdf