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Published byJason Heath Modified over 9 years ago
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Waves
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Definitions of Waves A wave is a traveling that carries through space and matter without transferring. Transverse Wave: A wave in which the disturbance occurs to the direction of travel. A type of transverse wave is Longitudinal Wave: A wave in which the disturbance occurs to the direction of travel of the wave. A type of longitudinal wave is Surface Wave: A wave that has charact- eristics of both and waves.
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Types of Waves Mechanical Waves: Require a such as,, of a spring or the fabric of a rope. Electromagnetic Waves: can travel in the absence of a medium.
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Transverse Wave Characteristics Crest:. Trough:. Amplitude: (undisturbed position). John Wiley & Sons
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Transverse Wave Characteristics (cont.) Frequency(f): The number of the wave makes in The unit for frequency is Wavelength(): The minimum at which the wave repeats the same pattern A single oscillation is also called a The units for wavelength are
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Transverse Wave Characteristics (cont.) Velocity (v): of the wave Measured in The formula to calculate the speed of a wave is Period (T): it takes for the wave to complete one The units for period is The formula to calculate the period is
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Transverse vs. Longitudinal Waves
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The Relationships v = f The of a wave is determined by the in which it travels. That means that for a given medium and are inversely proportional. As one, the other Wavelength Frequency
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The Inverse Relationships T = As the period, the. Period Frequency
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Speed of a Wave on a String For a stretched rope or string: Where: = Tension = linear density = As the tension, the speed. As the mass, the speed. This phenomena is commonly seen in v =
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Waves at Boundaries A wave incident upon a fixed boundary will have its reflected back in the opposite direction. Note that the wave pulse is after reflecting off the boundary. www.electron4.phys.utk.edu
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Interference occurs whenever two waves occupy the same space at the same time. Law of : When two or more waves are present at the same time at the same place, the disturbance is equal to the of the disturbances from the individual waves.
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Wave Interference www.electron4.phys.utk.edu Interference – Process by which two waves meet producing a net amplitude.
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Wave Interference Interference – Process by which two waves meet out each other.
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Waves Wave: An interference pattern resulting from two waves moving in directions with the same and such that they develop a consistent repeating pattern of and interference.
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Waves Node: The part of a standing wave where interference is at all times ( o out of phase). Antinode: The part of the wave where interference is maximized ().
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Waves When a wave impacts a boundary, some of the energy is, while some passes, or may be. The wave that passes through is called a wave. A wave that is transmitted through a boundary will lose some of its energy. Electromagnetic radiation will both down and have a wavelength when going into a denser media. Sound will when transitioning into a denser media.
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Incident + Reflected Wave Higher speed Longer wavelength Lower speed Shorter wavelength Transmitted Wave Continuous Waves – Higher Speed to Lower Speed Note the differences in wavelength and amplitude between of the wave in the two different mediums Displacement Boundary v1v1 v2v2 -v 1 Note: This phenomena is seen with light traveling from air to water.
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The Wave Equation waves can be represented by the following equation. y(x,t) = y m sin(t - x) Where: y m = = (2/ ) x = = (2f) t = Note that the sum ( t - x) is in, not degrees.
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+x The Wave Equation y(x,t) = y m sin(t - x) = 2/ Waveform repeats itself every. = 2f Waveform travels through 1 (T) every. A phase constant () can be included in the phase that represents all waves that do not pass through the origin.
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The Wave Equation – An Alternate Representation y(x,t) = y m sin(t - x) Substituting for (2f), (2/) and y m (A) yields: y(x,t) = Asin2(ft - x) or y(x,t) = Asin2(vt - x) 1
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Key Ideas Waves transfer without transferring. Longitudinal waves like that of sound require a. Transverse waves such as electro-magnetic radiation (light) do not require a. In transverse waves, displacement is to the direction of the wave while in longitudinal waves, the displacement is.
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Key Ideas Waves can with one another resulting in or interference. waves are a special case of constructive and destructive interference for two waves moving in opposite directions with the same, and.
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