1. RELATIVITY Based on Physical Processes B udapest 2009 by Albrecht Giese Hamburg, Germany 1 The Physical Causes of Relativity

2. 2 Contents 2 ‘  “Space” and “Time”?  Special Relativity  Origin of Mass  General Relativity The Physical Causes of Relativity

3. 3 The Leading Question 3 ‘ Einstein’s Relativity is based on assumptions about “Space” and “Time” The Physical Causes of Relativity 1.Is this the only possible way? 2.Is this a good way?.

4. 4 Einstein’s Statement (Original Paper 1905) 4 ‘ The Physical Causes of Relativity From the origin of a system k there shall a light beam be transmitted at the time  0 along the X-axis to x’ and from there at the time  1 reflected back to the origin, where it shall arrive at time  2 ; so, there must be ½(  0 +  2 ) =  1

5. 5 ‘ d  v 5 The Physical Causes of Relativity X O x‘ 11  0 +  2  1 = 1/2(  0 +  2 )? Note: The one-way speed of light cannot be measured independently … shall a light beam be transmitted at the time  0 along the X-axis to x’ and from there at the time  1 reflected back to the origin, where it shall arrive at time  2 ;

6. 6 6 ‘ The Physical Causes of Relativity “ … This definition is essential for the special theory of relativity, but it is not epistemologically necessary. Einstein’s definition, too, is only one possible definition. …” The special theory prefers ½...,” it does so on the ground that this definition leads to simpler relations”. … The intention of this talk is to show:  Relativity of Einstein based on space-time is not the good solution  Relativity can be based on physical processes rather principles This is. Much-much easier. Gives information about other areas, e.g. particle physics X Philosopher Hans Reichenbach in “The Philosophy of Space and Time”:

7. 7 Contents 7 ‘  “Space” and “Time”?  Special Relativity  Origin of Mass  General Relativity The Physical Causes of Relativity

8. 8 Contraction Dilation ‘ 8 Increase of Mass Energy-Mass Relation Constancy of c Special Relativity: Its Elements The Physical Causes of Relativity

9. 9 Special Relativity: History of the contraction ‘ 1888: O. Heaviside Electric fields contract at motion Objects contract at motion 1889 G.F. FitzGerald 1892: H.A. Lorentz Michelson-Morley apparatus contracts at motion which explains the null-result of the experiment: ‘ 9 The Physical Causes of Relativity 1932: R.J. Kennedy E.M.Thorndike The experiment cannot be explained by pure contraction Needs dilation also Sufficient to understand relativity?

10. 10 Special Relativity: Dilation is the consequence of internal motion History of the internal motion ‘ 1908: J. Ziegler Motion at c of the ‘smallest objects’ Internal oscillation causes ‘matter waves’ frequency: 1924: L. de Broglie 1928: P. Dirac Relativistic QM-function of the electron: 1930: E. Schrödinger Evaluation of the Dirac Function: ‘ 10 c Zitterbewegung The Physical Causes of Relativity

11. 11 “Zitterbewegung” (Schrödinger) Completed  Structure of an Elementary Particle: ‘ No conflict with the electron experiments orbit (Spin, mag. moment) 11 The Physical Causes of Relativity (de Broglie 1924) = E / h (Dirac / Schrödinger 1928/30) v = c (Relativity) m = 0 (Momentum law) N = 2

12. 12 Special Relativity: Dilation ‘ 222 vcq  Pythagoras cRT  2  qRT  2'  2 2 1/1 ' c v q c T T  i.e. the Lorentz-Factor v „Speed of proper time“ The Physical Causes of Relativity For the helical motion:

13. 13 Contents 13 ‘  “Space” and “Time”?  Special Relativity  Origin of Mass  General Relativity The Physical Causes of Relativity

14. www.ag-physics.org /rmass 14 Static field of a point charge ‘ 14 U The Physical Causes of Relativity

15. www.ag-physics.org /rmass 15 Field of a moving charge ‘ 15 U The Physical Causes of Relativity

16. /rmass16 The Origin of Mass: Bind of the Basic Particles ‘ 16 The Physical Causes of Relativity

17. /rmass17 Bind of the Basic Particles at motion ‘ F rr rr F 17 The Physical Causes of Relativity

18. /rmass18 The Mass Equation ‘ The classical magnetic moment:    Or both equations combined: = Bohr magneton in case of the electron universally valid for all elem. particles Radius R computed from the magnetic moment  and then inserted above  the correct mass m universal for all elem. particles! 18 ‘ The Physical Causes of Relativity

19. /rmass19 Mass and Increase of Mass ‘ Relativistic increase of mass: From  Spin: Classical angular momentum -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Putting the object to motion:    19 The Physical Causes of Relativity

20. 20 Contents 20 ‘  “Space” and “Time”?  Special Relativity  Origin of Mass  General Relativity The Physical Causes of Relativity

21. /gravity21 The Shapiro-Experiment:   ‘ c c P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction 21 Einstein‘s view: this is a seeming reduction of c The Physical Causes of Relativity

22. /gravity22 The gravitational field of the sun: The application of classical refraction yields for the vertex: ‘ Now: Acceleration at rest!! P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction Integrating deflection  from –  to +  yields: 1.75 arcsec …. with Newton: 0.88 arcsec  22 This was the great breakthrough for Einstein in 1919 (Solar eclipse)!! Einstein‘s view: the path ís straight but the space is curved The Physical Causes of Relativity

23. /gravity23 Elementary Particle in a Gravitational Field (with Vertical Axis): ‘ Gravit. Source c c No dependency of the mass! 23 The Physical Causes of Relativity

24. /gravity24 Formal Treatment of General Relativity (Gravity) ‘ 24 Schwarzschild Solution: is the basis for the proofs of General Relativity: - Perihelion Advance - Gravitational Lensing - … The Physical Causes of Relativity

25. /gravity25 Formal Result of General Relativity (Gravity) ‘ 25 for radial motion Reduced speed of light c Reduced field distance Schwarzschild Solution for tangential motion in radial direction Lorentz Transformation (time-related) Speed split into radial/tangential portion Now Gravity: The Physical Causes of Relativity

26. 26 The Physical Causes of Relativity 26 ‘ Field Equations Riemann Geometry Derivation of the Schwarzschild Solution (via Einstein)

27. /gravity27 ‘ for radial motion Reduced speed of light c Reduced field distance Schwarzschild Solution for tangential motion in radial direction Lorentz Transformation (time-related) Speed split into radial/tangential portion Now Gravity: The Physical Causes of Relativity Derivation of the Schwarzschild Solution (via the Basic Particle Model)

28. www.ag-physics.org 28 Gravity is the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in the vicinity of an object What is Gravity? ‘ But: What is the physical reason for the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in the vicinity of an object? The Physical Causes of Relativity

29. /gravity29 Why is ‘c’ reduced? Average speed < c ‘ Reduction of c independent of Radius  independent of mass --> by the perturbed path of a light-like particle 29 Force is the Strong Force This solves Quantum Gravity! c The Physical Causes of Relativity

30. /gravity30  Dark Matter  Acceleration (Dark Energy / Cosmological Constant)  Quantum Gravity ‘ 30 Open problems in Gravity / Cosmology The Physical Causes of Relativity

31. www.ag-physics.org /gravity 31 The Dark Matter Problem: Missing Matter in a rotating Galaxy Relativity / Gravity ‘ The Physical Causes of Relativity 31

32. www.ag-physics.org /gravity 32 Rotation of the Galaxy NGC 3198 ‘ halo (of dark matter) photons 32 Axions, neutralinos etc The Physical Causes of Relativity

33. www.ag-physics.org /gravity 33 Inflation ‘ The need for inflation: At early times there was a causal connection between regions which move off each other at extreme speed  requirement for contracted space The Origin of Gravity 33 c/c 0 1 10 25 10 50 Development of ‘c’ Big Bang now time The need for causal connection: Is also fulfilled with a high value of ‚c‘ in an unaltered space Alternativ:

34. www.ag-physics.org /gravity 34 Need for Dark Energy? ‘ Development of the Universe: c/c 0 1 10 25 10 50 Development of ‘c’ Big Bang now time The Origin of Gravity 34 Doppler-Effect: If ‚c‘ was higher at early times then we get – from the formula – a higher speed for the early supernovae. The acceleration at later times disappear. Doppler- Effekt:

35. www.ag-physics.org /gravity 35 What is about space-time?  The “Dark Matter” phenomenon Summary  The necessity of the Equivalence Principle (which is an fact derived here)  The “only attracting” effect This approach explains:  The force #4 assigned to gravity (non-existent; step towards a unified theory)  Conflicts between gravity and quantum theory QUANTUM GRAVITY becomes obsolete This approach avoids: This approach maintains:  The classical (and naïve) understanding of space and time 35 The Physical Causes of Relativity Relativity (gravity!) can easily be understood ‘ ‘  The “Dark Energy” phenomenon What are the benefits of our approach? Space-time is not necessary, not helpful, makes relativity complicated

36. www.ag-physics.org /gravity 36 The End ‘ 36 Basing Relativity on Physical Processes