1. Property dualism Key Words Learning objective:
To understand what is meant by property dualism
Key Words

2. Key questions
Does Physics provide a complete explanation of the nature of the world?
Can mental properties cause physical events?
Do mental properties depend on physical ones?

3. One kind of substance – physical Two different kinds of property – mental and physical Mental properties are possessed by physical substances BUT Some mental properties do not depend on physical properties as physicalism claims

4. Phenomenal properties are…
Phenomenal properties are…? PD claims these cannot be reduced to physical/behavioural/functional properties. They are a different type of property.

5. Why does PD reject physicalism?
Properties identified by Physics do not form the complete nature of the universe (because there are also properties of consciousness)
Some argue that these mental properties have their own causal powers which can affect physical events (interactionist property dualism)

6. Chalmers – ‘Consciousness and its place in nature’
(also Lacewing p ) What is the difference between the ‘easy’ and ‘hard’ problems of consciousness? Why does he think physicalism is not enough to explain phenomenal consciousness? Do you agree with him?

7. Argument FOR PD
Frank Jackson ‘Epiphenomenal Qualia’ Page 130 – Mary and the black and white room

8. Mary is a brilliant scientist who is, for whatever reason, forced to investigate the world from a black and white room via a black and white television monitor. She specialises in the neurophysiology of vision and acquires, let us suppose, all the physical information there is to obtain about what goes on when we see ripe tomatoes, or the sky, and use terms like 'red', 'blue', and so on. She discovers, for example, just which wave-length combinations from the sky stimulate the retina, and exactly how this produces via the central nervous system the contraction of the vocal chords and expulsion of air from the lungs that results in the uttering of the sentence 'The sky is blue'. (It can hardly be denied that it is in principle possible to obtain all this physical information from black and white television, otherwise the Open University would of necessity need to use colour television.) What will happen when Mary is released from her black and white room or is given a colour television monitor? Will she learn anything or not?

9. He continues…
It seems just obvious that she will learn something about the world and our visual experience of it. But then it is inescapable that her previous knowledge was incomplete. But she had all the physical information. Ergo there is more to have than that, and Physicalism is false.

10. If she knew all the physical facts while she was in the room, an learns something new when she sees colour (qualia) not all facts can be physical facts. We could know all about the physical properties of the brain and not know about the qualia. Write the argument for PD using Jackson’s example, in standard form.

11. How does Jackson’s argument attack the different types of physicalism that we have looked at?
Mind brain identity theory?
Functionalism?
LB?

12. How does Jackson’s argument attack the different types of physicalism that we have looked at? Mind brain identity theory? If mary knows all about brain processes she will know about colour and sensations Functionalism? F says phenomenal properties are functional, so if Mary knows all physical facts she knows the functional facts too. So she knows about brain functions. But the argument is meant to show that she doesn’t know all there is to know about the experience. LB? Mary knows all about behavioural dispositions as these are functional facts, but she doesn’t know what it is like to experience colour. What might Ryle say? Reject Jackson’s way of describing Mary’s experience. It is a mistake to talk of ‘what it is like’ to experience red. Experiencing red is just to pay attention to something’s colour – and that is just to be ready to say what you are thinking or feeling (ie. Behavioural disposition)