1. PART VIII: MONETARY DETERMINATION OF EXCHANGE RATES LECTURE 23 -- Building blocs - Interest rate parity - Money demand equation - Goods markets Flexible-price version: monetarist/Lucas model - derivation - applications: hyperinflation; speculative bubbles LECTURE 24 -- Sticky-price version: Dornbusch overshooting model

2. Motivations of the monetary approach Because S is the price of foreign money (vs. domestic money), it is determined by the supply & demand for money (foreign vs. domestic). Key assumptions: Perfect capital mobility => speculators are able to adjust their portfolios quickly to reflect their desires. There is no exchange risk premium => UIP holds: Key results: S is highly variable, like other asset prices. Expectations are central.

3. Uncovered interest parity + Money demand equation + Flexible goods prices => PPP => Lucas model. Building blocks or + Slow goods adjustment => sticky prices => Dornbusch overshooting model.

4. INTEREST RATE PARITY CONDITIONS Covered interest parity across countries Uncovered interest parity Real interest parity i – i* offshore = fd i – i* = Δs e i – π e = i* – π* e. holds to the extent capital controls & other barriers are low. holds if risk is unimportant, which is hard to tell in practice. may hold in the long run but not in the short run.

5. MONETARIST/LUCAS MODEL PPP: S = P/P* + Money market equilibrium : M/P = L(i, Y) 1/ Experiment 1a: M  => S  in proportion 1/ The Lucas version provides some micro-foundations for L. Why? Increase in supply of foreign money reduces its price. 1b: M*  => S  in proportion => P = M/ L(, ) P* = M*/L*(,)

6. Experiment 2a: Y  => L  => S . 2b: Y*  => L *  => S . Why? Increase in demand for foreign money raises its price. i-i* reflects expectation of future depreciation  s e (<= UIP), due (in this model) to expected inflation π e. So investors seek to protect themselves: shift out of domestic money. Experiment 3: π e  => i  => L  => S  Why?

7. Monetary model in log form

11. Example -- hyperinflation, driven by steady-state rate of money creation: π e = π = g m.

12. The spot rate depends on expectations of future monetary conditions

15. Illustrations of the importance of expectations,  s e : Effect of “News”: In theory, S jumps when, and only when, there is new information, e.g., regarding monetary fundamentals. Hyperinflation: Expectation of rapid money growth and loss in the value of currency => L  => S , even ahead of the actual inflation and depreciation. Speculative bubbles: Occasionally a shift in expectations, even if not based in fundamentals, causes a self-justifying movement in L and S. Target zone: If a band is credible, speculation can stabilize S -- pushing it away from the edges even before intervention. “Random walk”: Today’s price already incorporates information about the future (but RE does not imply the zero forecastability of a RW)

17. Monetary Approaches Assumption If exchange rate is fixed, the variable of interest is BP: MABP If exchange rate is floating, the variable of interest is E: MA to Exchange Rate P and W are perfectly flexible => New Classical approach Small open economy model of devaluation Monetarist/Lucas model focuses on monetary shocks. RBC model focuses on supply shocks ( ). P is stickyMundell-Fleming (fixed rates) Dornbusch-Mundell- Fleming (floating)

18. In 2002, when Lula pulled ahead of the incumbent party in the polls, fearful investors sold Brazilian reals. Appendix 1: Expectations & the example of Brazil

19. Real/$ exchange rate BBC News, Nov.3, 2014 2014 Oct.28 Brazil’s real depreciated again when Dilma Rousseff was reelected.

20. Appendix 2: Generalization of monetary equation for countries that are not pure floaters: can be turned into more general model of other regimes, including fixed rates & intermediate regimes expressed as “exchange market pressure”: When there is an increase in demand for the domestic currency, it shows up partly in appreciation, partly as increase in reserves & money supply, with the split determined by the central bank.