1. What Makes Science so Hard?
It’s the ridiculous vocabulary!!!!
What do you think these words mean?
Auscultation Micturation
Borborygmus Osculation
Cacodyl Oscitancy
Emesis Stertor
Eructation Wamble
Flatus
Mastication

2. Prefixes & Suffixes
If you learn certain prefixes and suffixes, you can figure out certain words. Don’t let the vocabulary in science bog you down!! You can figure it out.

3. Watch this video and describe what it may have to do with Biology.

4. Watch this video and describe what it has to do with Biology.

5. Life Science Branches of Biology Biology – The study of living things
Ecology – The study of the environment
Zoology – The study of animals
Doctor – Human anatomy
Botany – The study of plants

6. Careers in Biology Global Ecology Marine Biologist Herbatologist
Infectious disease
DNA and molecular Biology
Paleontologist
Doctor

7. Earth Science Branches of Earth Science
Earth Science(Geology)– The study of the Earth
Branches of Earth Science
Oceanography – Study of the Ocean
Volcanology – Study of volcanoes
Seismology – Study of earthquakes
Meteorology – Study of the weather
Astronomy – Study of space

8. Physical Science Physical Science – Study of both matter and energy
Branches of Physical Science
Chemistry – The study of all forms of matter
Physics – The study of energy
Astronomy – Movement of objects in space
Oceanography – Study of the waves and tides

9. What is science?
How do scientists work?

10. What is Science?
Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. It’s asking questions!
I want to teach you this year about the world around.
Everyday,I want you to leave here with new knowledge
of the world around you !!!!

11. Science Methodology
Scientists go about solving problems in a certain way. The methodology is always the same. It is called Scientific Method!

12. STEP 1 - Good Observations
Being a good scientists involves making great observations and then asking questions. Several people can observe the same event but have different explanations. This happens in crime scenes all the time.

13. Describe what you observe in this picture
Describe what you observe in this picture. DO NOT discuss it with your neighbors.

17. Observations Leads to Data Collection
Data collection leads to forming an hypothesis.
Two Types of Data
1. Quantative
2. Qualiative

18. There is two types of data researchers can collect:
Qualitative data: factual description that do not use numbers. For example, describing the behavior of animals, color of eyes, how mothers react to their young, etc.
2. Quantitative data: factual information that uses number. For example, counting the number of young, measure how tall something grow, etc. 18

19. Qualitative or Quantitative?19

20. Parts of a Controlled Experiment
Constants – all the things you keep the same(same # of plants in a container, same amt of sunlight, same amt of dirt, same amt of fertilizer)
*Control Group: The experiment group without the variable being tested.

21. Qualitative or Quantitative?21

22. Observations vs. Inferences
An OBSERVATION the act of noticing and describing events or processes. You do it with your eyes; when we see something, we observe it. However, all five of our senses can be used to make observations: sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell.
An INFERENCE is an assumption or conclusion based on an observation. It is a logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge.

23. Observation Vs. Inferences
When collecting data, as a scientists you must only record your observations and not read anything into what you see. Your inferences are in the conclusion.

24. Name 2 observations and 2 inferences

25. Name 2 observations and 2 inferences

27. The Scientific Method
The scientific method is a process for experimentation
that is used to explore observations and answer
questions. Scientists use the scientific method to
search for cause and effect relationships in nature.
In other words, they design an experiment so that
changes to one item cause something else to change
in a predictable way.

28. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD – a step by step way scientists solve problems.
The scientist then raises a question about what (s)he sees going on!!!
Question: How many licks does it take to get to the center of
Tootsie roll pop?
STEP 1: Problem Statement – always written in questions form

29. Research
Step 2: Research – background information about the topic. You have to know what you about you topic before you can experiment.
Could be notes, books, internet resources, asking an expert, etc.

30. Step 3: Hypothesis – a possible answer to the problem statement.
Always written as an IF > THEN statement.
If I give 2 cups of water to a tomato plant, then it will grow better than plants given more or less water.
This is a tentative answer to the question: a testable explanation for what was observed. IT IS NOT ALWAYS CORRECT!
Write a hypothesis for the picture below.

32. Controlled Experiment
Experiment is used to compare an experimental group with a control group to answer a problem
Not all experiments are controlled. You can conduct an experiment without variables. Why is the car not running? You are just solving a problem!
* Contains dependent and independent variables.
Example – king snake vs. coral snake

33. Procedure – Controlled Experiment
Step 4: Procedure – a numbered step set of directions
that explains the experimental setup. Includes materials
list.
Variable – what is being tested, what is different in
the experiment (the amount of water given to the plants)

34. Types of Variable in a Controlled Experiment
Independent Variable – The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher. 
*Dependent variable – factors affected by the
independent variable.

35. What is the Dependent and Independent Variable?

37. Data and Analysis
Step 5: Data and Analysis – explanation of what happened in the experiment. All data collected should be displayed on a data table or on a graph.
DATA:factual information gatehred in the experiment.(information or numbers from experiment)
What is some data you could collect from these pics?

38. Observations Leads to Data Collection
Data collection leads to forming an hypothesis.
Two Types of Data
1. Quantative
2. Qualiative

39. There is two types of data researchers can collect:
Qualitative data: factual description that do not use numbers. For example, describing the behavior of animals, color of eyes, how mothers react to their young, etc.
2. Quantitative data: factual information that uses number. For example, counting the number of young, measure how tall something grow, etc.

40. Qualitative or Quantitative?

41. Parts of a Controlled Experiment
Constants – all the things you keep the same(same # of plants in a container, same amt of sunlight, same amt of dirt, same amt of fertilizer)
*Control Group: The experiment group without the variable being tested.

42. Qualitative or Quantitative?

43. Step 6: Conclusion – the answer to the problem
statement based on the data you collected.
Was the hypothesis correct or not and identify
any errors that might have occurred in the experiment.

44. Data and conclusion
Over the next month, you would collect data(height).
Conclusion: at the end of month, see which group grew the best.

45. Scientific Method 1. Name the steps of the scientific method
2.Explain how to write a hypothesis.
  3.Contrast a constant and a control group.
4. Define a variable.
5.Explain why it is important to have a control group
6. Explain how to write a procedure.

46. spontaneous generation
Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and Pasteur

47. Spontaneous Generation
For much of history, people believed that animals could come from non-living sources. They thought:
Frogs developed from falling drops of rain
mice arose from sweaty underwear
and flies arose from decaying meat.
This is called abiogenesis
Also known as spontaneous generation

48. These ideas were followed because people simply accepted what they were told

49. The Power of Authority
In the past, people believed what they were told by “authorities” such as the Church, or the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle
Questioning Aristotle was like questioning the Church....

53. One “scientist” put forward the belief that mice could be generated spontaneously from wheat and a sweaty shirt.
The wheat provided the “nutritive power” and the shirt provided the “active principle.”
“active principle” = a mysterious “life-force” that allowed spontaneous generation to occur.

54. Francesco Redi - 1668 Italian Physician challenged abiogenesis
Hypothesis: If there are maggots present, then they did NOT come from rotting meat.
Variables: Open meat vs. not open meat
Conclusion: Only maggots on the open meat so maggots came from flies.

55. “The flesh of dead animals cannot engender worms unless the eggs of the living being deposited therein” REDI’S EXPERIMENTS!!
Put dead snakes, eels, and veal in large wide mouthed vessels. Sealed one set with wax and left the other set open to air.
Decaying meat was teeming with maggots, sealed meat had no maggots
Wax sealed vessels failed to produce maggots because flies were unable to reach the meat

56. Francisco Redi (Italian physician & poet)-- attempted to disprove the theory of Spontaneous Generation.

57. Redi’s critics said: You have too many variables
There is a lack of access and a lack of air.
We ALL know that everything needs air.
Of course no flies grew!
You haven’t proven anything.

58. Redi’s Second Experiment
They argued that the flies were coming from the air.
He added a third set of jars that had mesh.
This proved that the flies came from maggots.

59. Redi part 2 – answer to critics
fine mesh allows in air, but not flies
flies laid eggs on top of mesh
no maggots in meat

60. Redi’s Conclusions:
“All living beings come from seeds of the plants or animals themselves”
However, if someone were to demonstrate even one exception to this hypothesis, then Redi’s hypothesis would be rejected.

61. John Needham - 1745 He believed in abiogenesis(SG).
Hypothesis: If you boiled broth, living organisms still grow from nonliving broth.
Experiment: He boiled broth and bacteria still grew a few days later.

62. John Needham (English Clergyman) wondered if this would work with micro organisms in1745
Everyone knew that boiling killed organisms.
Needham prepared various broths and showed that they contained microbes. He had a microscope!
Then he boiled them, and showed that there were no longer any microbes.
He ensured the stoppers were loose, so that air would not be excluded
Then, after a few days, microbes had reappeared!
This was “proof” that the microbes had spontaneously generated from the non-living broth.

63. Needham’s error BUT: how was this evidence of a faulty experiment?
what ERROR in experimental method is shown here?
Hypothesis: microbes MUST HAVE arisen spontaneously from the broth.
Conclusion: there is no other place the microbes could come from (other than the broth).
error: microbes could have come from the air!
Needham’s error

64. Lazzaro Spallanzani - 1745 Italian priest and biologist
Hypothesis: If you boiled the broth hotter, then there would not be any bacteria.
Experiment: He boiled the broth, sealed them. Then boiled again to make sure killed the bacteria.
Conclusion: No spontaneous generation.

65. Spallanzani’s (Italian Naturalist) -- 1745
Disagreed with Needham
Claimed he didn’t seal jars well enough
He said microbes could have come from the air
He repeated Needham’s experiment, but changed two things:
boiled flasks longer, and
SEALED THEM after boiling by fusing the glass tops shut
(hermetically sealed – absolutely airtight)
Result: NO growth in ANY flask

66. Needham criticizes Spallanzani’s first experiment
BUT Needham said: you boiled it TOO LONG, and:
You spoiled the vegetative power by boiling.
You killed the ability of the broth to give life.
Life can still come from broth -- but the broth must not be “damaged” by boiling.

67. Spallanzani’s second experiment
tight seal
loose seal
he did TIMED BOILINGS
then left them partially sealed
some partially sealed, some hermetically sealed as in his previous experiment
hypothesized that more boiling should lead to less life
he left some jars as Needham had (leaky seals), to ensure “active principle” was not damaged
30 mins
60 mins
90 mins
120 mins

68. Spallanzani’s second experiment -- results
tight seal
loose seal
this showed TWO main things:
boiling did NOT damage broth’s ability to support life
Conclusion: growth depended on the SEAL only
30 mins
60 mins
90 mins
120 mins

69. Louis Pasteur 1859– used swan-necked flask
(French chemist) entered a contest sponsored by French Academy of Sciences to prove or disprove Spontaneous generation.
used swan-necked flask
flask allowed in air, but trapped dust (and microbes)
boiled infusion
showed that NO growth occurred, even after many days
BUT -- what about damaging the “active principle”?

70. Pasteur showed that the active principle was NOT damaged
at any later time, he could tip the flask
this allowed nutrient broth to contact the dust
this carried microbes into the broth
result: growth!
area where dust had been trapped

71. Pasteur squashes the idea of abiogenesis completely!
Since then, no one has been able to refute Pasteur’s experiment
scientists everywhere soon came to accept that abiogenesis did NOT EXIST.
but: then how did life on this planet start in the first place?

73. Louis Pasteur - 1845 French Chemist – FINALLY Solved NO abiogenesis!
Hypothesis: If the broth is exposed to air with dust, then there will be more bacteria.
Experiment: Exposed broth to different amounts of dust.
Conclusion: More dust ; more bacteria