2. Lecture – 4 The Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions Dr. Saleha Shamsudin

3. Effect of pH and temperature -Enzyme are active only over small range of pH due to the active site functional group charges (ionic form) and the three dimensional shape of enzyme are pH- dependent -Certain enzyme have ionic group on their active sites, and these ionic group must be in a suitable form (acid or base) to function. -Variation in pH of medium result in changes of: -Ionic form of the active site -Activity of enzyme, hence the reaction rate -Affect the maximum reaction rate, K m - stability of enzyme

4. -Scheme to describe pH dependence of the enzymatic reaction rate for ionizing enzymes. -Some cases, the substrate may contain ionic groups, and the pH of medium affects the affinity of substrate to enzyme. -Refer to Eq. 3.44& Eq. 3.45 Variation of enzyme activity with pH for 2 different enzymes -

5. Variation of reaction rate with temperature ascending descending The rate varies according to Arrhenius equation Thermal Denaturation occurred

6. Restriction of enzyme mobility in a fixed space = enzyme immobilization

11. Retain high MW compound Allowing small MW compound access to enzyme

13. Prior to

14. Functional groups on support material are usually activated by using chemical reagent such as cyanogen bromide, carbodiimide and glutaraldehyde

15. Support materials with functional group Chemical reagent

16. Cross-linking of enzyme molecule The agent used are: ____________, ____________, ________________ Cross-linking can be achieved in several ways: 1) 2) 3) The disadvantages of cross-linking: 1) 2)

17. This is the schematic diagram of enzyme immobilization methods: Suggest the method of (a), (b), (c) and (d)? Quiz

18. Diffusional Limitation in Immobilized Enzyme System Immobilized enzyme system normally includes - insoluble immobilized enzyme - soluble substrate, or product They are heterogeneous systems

19. CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE FILM TRANSFER DRIVING FORCE DIFFUSION HIGH Immobilized Enzyme SbSb Low S concentration Substrate external diffusion

20. CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE FILM TRANSFER DRIVING FORCE DIFFUSION HIGH Immobilized Enzyme SbSb REACTION PRODUCT external diffusion

21. FILM TRANSFER DRIVING FORCE DIFFUSION HIGH Immobilized Enzyme SbSb INTRA-PARTICLE TRANSFER

22. FILM TRANSFER PRODUCT HIGH Immobilized Enzyme SbSb INTRA-PARTICLE TRANSFER REACTION

23. Diffusional Limitation in Immobilized Enzyme Systems In immobilized enzyme systems, the overall production rate is determined by - liquid film mass transfer (external diffusion) substrate, product - intraparticle mass transfer (internal diffusion) substrate, product in porous supports - enzyme catalysis reaction

24. Substrate conc. (g/cm 3 ) Mass transfer coefficient (cm/s)

25. Diffusional Limitation in Immobilized Enzyme System Ss: substrate concentration at the surface; Sb: substrate concentration in bulk solution. Enzyme Ss Sb Liquid Film Thickness, L E+S Diffusion Effects in Surface-bound Enzymes on Nonporous Support Materials Assume the enzyme catalyzed reaction rate follows Michaelis-Menten type kinetics.

26. Enzyme Ss Sb Liquid Film Thickness, L No intraparticle diffusion Assume: -Enzyme are evenly distributed on the surface of a nonporous support material. -All enzyme molecules are equally active. -Substrate diffuses through a thin liquid film surrounding the support surface to reach the reactive surface. -The process of immobilization has not altered the enzyme structure and the intrinsic parameters (Vm, Km) are unaltered. Diffusion Effects in Surface-bound Enzymes on Nonporous Support Materials

27. Enzyme are bound on surface At steady state, the reaction rate=mass transfer rate

28. If the product formation rate is : The external diffusion rate (g/cm 2 -s): the maximum reaction rate per unit surface area. (g/cm 2 -s) is the liquid mass transfer coefficient (cm/s). Diffusion Effects in Surface-bound Enzymes on Nonporous Support Materials

29. Graphical solution for reaction rate per unit of surface area for enzyme immobilized on a non-porous support

30. When the system is strongly external diffusion (liquid film mass-transfer) limited, [Ss]≈0, the overall reaction rate is equal to the rate: The system behaves as pseudo first order. The rate is a linear function of bulk substrate concentration. Da>>1 Diffusion Effects in Surface-bound Enzymes on Nonporous Support Materials

31. When the system is strongly reaction limited, [Sb] ≈ [Ss] the overall reaction rate is equal to the rate: Da << 1 K m,app is increased. It is a function of mixing speed and S b. where

32. Diffusion Effects in Enzymes Immobilized in a Porous Matrix - Substrate diffuses through the tortuous pathway within the porous support to reach the enzyme. - Substrate reacts with enzyme on the pore surface. Ex. Spherical support particles Sr

33. Diffusion Effects in Enzymes Immobilized in a Porous Matrix Assume: - Enzyme is uniformly distributed in a spherical support particle. - The reaction kinetics follows Michaelis- Menten kinetics. - There is no external diffusion limitation, (no partitioning of the substrate between exterior and interior of support).

34. A steady state: Diffusion rate =reaction rate

37. Relationship of effectiveness factor with the size of immobilized enzyme particle and enzyme loading