2. Health Risks Associated with Being Overweight Coronary heart disease Hypertension Hypercholesterolemia Diabetes

3. Health Risks Associated with Being Overweight There are also health risks associated with being too thin! The body reacts to the lack of food by becoming extremely thin developing brittle hair and nails dry skin constipation, diarrhea reduced muscle mass, loss of menstrual cycle swelling of joints heart problems osteoporosis mental health issues death

4. Definitions Mass: the body’s total weight. Body composition: The relative percentage of muscle, fat, bone, and other tissues that comprise the body. Fat mass: is made up of fat (adipose tissue). Percentage body fat: % of total body weight that is composed of fat. Lean body mass: Lean body mass is the weight of a person's body minus the fat. This includes muscle, bones, organs, and other nonfat tissue.

5. Definitions Underfat: too little body weight comprised of fat. Overfat: too much of the body weight comprised of fat. Obese: extreme overfatness. Moderately Overweight: 20% over desirable body weight. Severely overweight: 40% over desirable body weight.

6. Proper uses of results: - Serve as baseline data for repeated testing. -Provide motivation for goal setting. -Provide awareness about health risks. -Estimate athlete’s optimal body weight. -Monitor changes in body composition (Athletes, children, overweight persons) Proper uses of results: - Serve as baseline data for repeated testing. -Provide motivation for goal setting. -Provide awareness about health risks. -Estimate athlete’s optimal body weight. -Monitor changes in body composition (Athletes, children, overweight persons) BMI WHR Skinfold assessment BMI WHR Skinfold assessment Body Composition Testing

7. BMI Re-Cap BMI: A measure of body composition using a height-weight formula BMI is used to give us an idea of whether the client is obese, and the extent of their obesity Formula: – Body mass index (BMI) = weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squares – BMI = kg h 2 – BMI unit of measurement: kg/m 2

8. BMI Re-Cap BMI does not actually measure body composition It can be used as a quick measurement to check if an individual is overweight, but it is inaccurate BMI does not distinguish between fat and muscle Muscle is denser, thus heavier than fat i.e. A person with a lot of muscle may be inaccurately described as obes e

9. Hip-to-waist ratio (HWR) is taken as an indicator of the health risks associated with obesity, and in particular the risk of coronary heart disease Regional Fat Deposition Abdominal body fat poses greater health risks than fat stored in other areas Males store more fat centrally and have increased health risks associated with body fatness Higher health risk Lower health risk Hip-To-Waist Ratio Re-Cap

10. Hip-to-waist ratio = waist measurement in centimetres divided by hip measurement in centimetres HWR = waist (cm) hip (cm)

11. Body Composition & Sports Performance Swimmer Ballet dancer Ballet dancer Rugby player Rugby player Volleyball player Volleyball player Body builder Body builder Sumo Wrestler Sumo Wrestler

12. Questions 1.Define: a.Body composition.3 b.Lean body mass.3 2.What do the following abbreviations stand for: a.BMI2 b.WHR2 3.What are the risks associated with being overweight?4 4.List 8 risks associated with being underweight.8 5.What is BMI; and what is it used for?4 6.A man weighs 76kg and is 1.71m tall. Calculate his BMI.2 7.What are the limitations of BMI?3 8.Differentiate between ‘overfat’ and ‘obese’.2 9.What is the WHR used for?2 10.Differentiate between the ‘apple’ and ‘pear’ body shape, also explain which one is of greater risk and why.6 11.If a woman has a waist measurement of 72cm, and a hip measurement of 110cm, calculate her WHR. 2 12.How does the body composition of a ballet dancer differ from that of a body builder?4 13.What are the results of body composition tests used for?5