1. Anchor BIO.B.4.2 Describe interactions and relationships in an ecosystem  BIO.B.4.2.3 Describe how matter recycles through an ecosystem (i.e., water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, and nitrogen cycle). 15  Unlike one-way flow of energy (which is eventually lost as heat), matter is recycled within and between ecosystems The four key cycles critical to all ecosystems are: Water (all living things need H2O) Nitrogen (Proteins) Carbon (Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, DNA/RNA) Phosphorous (ATP, DNA / RNA)

2. Water (H 2 O) Cycle

3. Atmosphere  Ecosystem Condensation of water vapor (clouds) causes a return to surface by precipitation (rain/snow) Distributed by run-off, seepage and soil percolation Recycled back to Atmosphere Enters atmosphere by evaporation or transpiration thru plants (via photosynthesis)

4. Carbon Cycle CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 CO 2

5. Carbon (C) Cycle Atmosphere  Ecosystem Photosynthetic autotrophs capture & convert CO 2 into carbohydrates (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Distributed throughout food web May be stored for long periods in dead organic matter (fossil fuels) Recycled back to Atmosphere As carbs are “broken down” for energy via Cellular Respiration,  CO 2 is released into air Combustion (wood/fossil fuels) & volcanoes also release huge amts of CO 2 ……(as per Al Gore)

6. Nitrogen Cycle N2N2 N2N2 NH 3 Proteins denitrification

7. Nitrogen (N) Cycle Atmosphere  Ecosystem Nitrogen fixing bacteria --live w/in certain plant roots that convert N 2 into usable nitrates/ ammonia) NOTE: Lightening also converts N 2  NH 3 Uptake by plants (from soil/water) & distributed throughout food web Used to make proteins—when organisms dies, decomposers returns to Nutrient Pool for producers -- (cycles within ecosystem) Recycled back to Atmosphere Denitrifying bacteria converts some of the soil ammonia back into N 2 gas

8. Phosphorus Cycle erosion decomposition seashells

9. Phosphorous (P) Cycle Atmosphere  Ecosystem Does not ever enter the atmosphere Cycles throughout Ecosystem -- (very slowly) Rocks/ sediments slowly erode and release into soil/water Decomposers also release back into nutrient pool (soil/water) Uptake by plants (from soil/water) & distributed throughout food web

10. Anchor BIO.B.4.2 Describe interactions and relationships in an ecosystem  BIO.B.4.2.4 Describe how ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbances (e.g., climate changes, introduction of nonnative species, pollution, fires). 16

11. Primary Succession begins with pioneer species (mosses and lichens) growing on land surfaces where no soil exists such as new oceanic islands from volcanoes or glacier activity

12. Secondary Succession begins when events which leave the soil, such as fires, logging and farming stop and new communities are allowed to colonize an area undisturbed. In time the ecosystem will return to its original, sustainable condition (climax community).

13. Species accidentally or intentionally introduced into the ecosystem compete with native species for habitat. Invasive species reproduce rapidly because their new habitat lacks the limiting factors (i.e. predators) that would normally control their population.

14. Anchor BIO.B.4.2 Describe interactions and relationships in an ecosystem  BIO.B.4.2.5 Describe the effects of limiting factors on population dynamics and potential species extinction. 17

15. Density-dependent limiting factors include competition, predation, parasitism and disease. Density-dependant limiting factors are most active on large, dense populations.

16. Density-Independent limiting factors include weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles and human activities (damming rivers or clear-cutting forests). The size of the population is not important. I’ll bet the endangered mountain goat population is now extinct!