1. How Prices are Determined In a free market economy, supply and demand are coordinate through the price system. Everyone who participates in the economy jointly determines prices. Prices are considered neutral and impartial.

2. How the Price System Works The Market Economy Price System has four key characteristics 1. It is neutral: prices don’t favor the producers nor the consumers 2. It is market driven: market forces determine prices, there are no administrative decisions. 3. It is flexible: prices can change to respond quickly to changing market conditions. 4. It is efficient: prices will adjust until the maximum number of goods and services are sold.

3. The Price system also serves several functions: Information Function: The price system provides vital information to producers, resource providers and consumers Producers need to know if it is good time to enter a market and what to produce at what prices Resource providers need to know what resources to provide, how much and at what price Consumers need to know what they are willing and able to buy Incentive Function: The price system motivates providers and consumers to act in different ways Producers are motivated to make money Resource Providers are motivated to allocate natural resources Consumers are motivated to buy products at the best possible prices. PRICES ACT AS SIGNALS

4. How Prices are Determined ● Buyers and sellers have exactly the opposite hopes and intentions. ● Buyers want good buys at low prices. ● Sellers want high prices and profits.

5. Fundamental Conflict The Law of Supply says that suppliers will produce more when price is high and less when price is low. The Law of Demand says that consumers will buy more when price is low and less when price is high

6. The Compromise Producers must be able to charge enough to cover costs and earn a reasonable profit Consumers can only pay prices they are willing and able to pay Market Equilibrium (the compromise): occurs when the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied are a particular price are equal. Equilibrium Price ($): The price at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal.

7. Market Equilibrium ●The adjustment process moves toward market equilibrium – a situation where prices are stable and the quantity supplied is equal to the quantity demanded.

8. Market Equilibrium ●Why does the market find the equilibrium price of $5 on its own and why is the quantity supplied exactly equal to the quantity demanded at this price? ●Why did the price not reach equilibrium at $7, or $6, or at some other price? ●In order to answer these questions, we have to examine the reactions of the buyers and sellers to various market prices.

9. Surplus (Quantity Supplied > Quantity Demanded) Producers do not know what price they should charge to hit the market equilibrium price, so they must adjust their prices in an attempt to reach equilibrium A surplus occurs when the price is set too high A surplus occurs because the producers are willing to supply more product than consumers are willing to buy

10. Surplus ●If suppliers guess that the price will be $7, they will want to produce 1400 gadgets. ●However, consumers will only buy 990 units at at a price of $7, leaving a surplus of 410 gadgets.

11. Surplus ●A Surplus is a situation in which the quantity supplied is greater than the quantity demanded at a given price. ●A surplus causes prices to go down (it’s the only way for suppliers to fix a surplus), the quantity demanded to rise, and the quantity supplied to go down. ●As long as price is flexible, the surplus will only be temporary.

12. Shortage (Quantity Supplied < Quantity Demanded) A shortage occurs when price is set too low A shortage occurs because consumers are willing to buy more product than producers are willing to supply at a given price.

13. Shortage ●If $7 is too high, producers might consider $4. ●At that price, the quantity supplied changes to 1,250 gadgets. ●However, at $4, consumers would buy 1,470 gadgets, resulting in a shortage of 220.

14. Shortage ●A shortage is a situation in which the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied at a given price. ●A shortage causes prices to go up and the quantity supplied to increase.

15. Equilibrium Price ●The equilibrium price is the price where quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded, - there is neither a surplus nor a shortage. ●The equilibrium price will maintain until something disturbs the market.

16. Equilibrium Price ●This theory is set in ideal conditions. ●Price represents the balancing forces of demand and supply. ●The great advantage of competitive markets is that they allocate resources efficiently. ●As sellers compete to meet consumer demands, they are forced to lower costs and prices. ●At the same time, competition among buyers helps prevent prices from falling too far, and helps allocate goods and serves to those willing and able to pay.

17. Market Equilibrium Can Change Market Equilibrium is the point at which the supply curve and the demand curve intersect. Therefore if either curve shifts, then the market is in: Disequilibrium: When the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied are not in balance. A Change in Demand and the Equilibrium Price Remember, a change in demand causes the curve to shift and is determined by one of six non-price determinants which are:

18. 1.) Consumer Tastes 2.) Consumer Income 3.) Market Size (# customers) 4.) Consumer Expectations 5.) Price of Related Goods

19. A change in demand and equilibrium price

20. A change in supply and equilibrium price Remember, a change in supply causes the supply curve to shift and is determined by one of 7 non-price determinants of supply

21. Fixed Prices ● Up to now, we have assumed that the market was reasonably competitive, and that prices and quantities were allowed to fluctuate. ● What happens when government policies fix the prices people either receive or pay?

22. Fixed Prices ●Price ceilings set the maximum legal price that can be charged for a product. This often creates a shortage. ●Who would love the lower price? ●Who would not?

23. Examples of Price Ceilings Price Ceilings on ticket prices for Syracuse University Men’s basketball tickets. Ticket prices are kept low so students can afford them, but this lower price leaves demand very high and causes a shortage  scalpers

24. Example: Rent Control ● Some cities, especially New York City, have rent control laws to keep housing affordable. The laws control when rents can be raised and by how much, however there are unexpected consequences: ● Shortages: no incentive to increase the supply of rentals b/c as market prices rise and rent remains the same, landlords make a smaller profit. ● Devalued Property: no incentive for landlords to keep property looking nice so they don’t and the property loses value

25. Fixed Prices ●Occasionally, prices are considered too low, and some people believe they should be kept higher. ●The minimum wage, the lowest legal wage that can be paid to most workers, is a case in point.

26. Fixed Prices ●Price floors set the lowest legal price that can be paid for a good or service. This often leads to a surplus. ●Is the current minimum wage higher or lower than the wage that would prevail in its absence? ●Do you think an employer would pay you less if he or she were allowed to do so?

27. Consequences of price floors Minimum Wage (first set in 1938) If the minimum wage is set above the equilibrium price, the number of jobs is less than the number of workers so employers may decide that paying high wages is no longer profitable and they will employ fewer people If the minimum wage is set below the equilibrium price there may be no workers who are willing to work at that price.