2. PRINCIPALS OF ECOLOGY CHAPTER 3

3. BEGININIGS OF ECOLOGY ECOLOGY- SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS ECOLOGY- SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS

4. LIVING ENVIRONMENT BIOSPHERE- PORTION OF EARTH THAT SUPPORTS LIFE BIOSPHERE- PORTION OF EARTH THAT SUPPORTS LIFE BIOTIC FACTORS- ALL LIVING ORGANISMS THAT INHABIT AN ENVIRONMENT BIOTIC FACTORS- ALL LIVING ORGANISMS THAT INHABIT AN ENVIRONMENT

5. NONLIVING ENVIRONMENT ABIOTIC FACTORS- NON LIVING PARTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT ABIOTIC FACTORS- NON LIVING PARTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

6. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION POPULATION- GROUP OF ORGANISMS OF ONE SPECIES POPULATION- GROUP OF ORGANISMS OF ONE SPECIES COMMUNITY- COLLECTION OF INTERACTING POPULATIONS COMMUNITY- COLLECTION OF INTERACTING POPULATIONS ECOSYSTEM- INTERACTIONS AMONG THE POPULATIONS IN A COMMUNITY AND ITS SURROUNDINGS ECOSYSTEM- INTERACTIONS AMONG THE POPULATIONS IN A COMMUNITY AND ITS SURROUNDINGS HABITAT- PLACE WHERE AN ORGANISM LIVES HABITAT- PLACE WHERE AN ORGANISM LIVES

7. SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS AUTOTROPHS- ORGANISMS THAT USE ENERGY FROM THE SUN TO MAKE ITS OWN FOOD AUTOTROPHS- ORGANISMS THAT USE ENERGY FROM THE SUN TO MAKE ITS OWN FOOD HETEROTROPHS- ORGANISMS THAT DEPEND ON AUTOTROPHS AS THEIR SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS AND ENERGY HETEROTROPHS- ORGANISMS THAT DEPEND ON AUTOTROPHS AS THEIR SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS AND ENERGY

8. SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS COMMENSALISM- ONE SPECIES BENEFITS WHILE THE OTHER IS NOT HARMED OR BENEFITED COMMENSALISM- ONE SPECIES BENEFITS WHILE THE OTHER IS NOT HARMED OR BENEFITED MUTUALISM- BOTH SPECIES BENEFIT MUTUALISM- BOTH SPECIES BENEFIT PARASITISM- ONE BENEFITS WHILE THE OTHER IS HARMED PARASITISM- ONE BENEFITS WHILE THE OTHER IS HARMED

9. The producers: Autotrophs Plants use the sun’s energy to manufacture food in a process called photosynthesis. Plants use the sun’s energy to manufacture food in a process called photosynthesis.

10. MORE SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS SCAVENGERS- FEED ON CARRION SCAVENGERS- FEED ON CARRION DECOMPOSERS- BREAK DOWN AND ABOSORB NUTRIENTS FROM DEAD ORGANISMS DECOMPOSERS- BREAK DOWN AND ABOSORB NUTRIENTS FROM DEAD ORGANISMS

11. MORE SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS CARNIVORES- MEAT EATERS CARNIVORES- MEAT EATERS HERBIVORES- PLANT EATERS HERBIVORES- PLANT EATERS OMNIVORES- EAT PLANTS AND ANIMALS OMNIVORES- EAT PLANTS AND ANIMALS

12. MATTER AND ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS FOOD CHAIN- A CHAIN OF FOOD TRANSFER FROM ONE ORGANISM TO ANOTHER FOOD CHAIN- A CHAIN OF FOOD TRANSFER FROM ONE ORGANISM TO ANOTHER TROPHIC LEVEL- A FEEDING STEP IN THE PASSAGE OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS TROPHIC LEVEL- A FEEDING STEP IN THE PASSAGE OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS

13. MATTER AND ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS FOOD WEB- ALL POSSIBLE FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL IN A COMMUNITY FOOD WEB- ALL POSSIBLE FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL IN A COMMUNITY

14. FOOD CHAIN

16. FOOD WEB

17. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID ENERGY PYRAMID- SHOWS AMOUNT OF ENERGY AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL ENERGY PYRAMID- SHOWS AMOUNT OF ENERGY AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL BIOMASS PYRAMID- AMOUNT OF LIVING ORGANIC MATTER AT EACH LEVEL BIOMASS PYRAMID- AMOUNT OF LIVING ORGANIC MATTER AT EACH LEVEL

18. Chemical Cycles Nutrients are not replenished by sun Nutrients are not replenished by sun Nutrients are limited Nutrients are limited They must be recycled in ecosystems They must be recycled in ecosystems Nutrients and water cycle on a global scale Nutrients and water cycle on a global scale

19. The Carbon Cycle Carbon cycle- the movement of carbon through the environment Carbon cycle- the movement of carbon through the environment Photosynthesis 6H 2 0+ 60 2 + energy  C6H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Photosynthesis 6H 2 0+ 60 2 + energy  C6H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + energy Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + energy

20. Carbon Cycle

21. CARBON CYCLE

22. NITROGEN CYCLE NITROGEN MAKES UP 78 % OF AIR NITROGEN MAKES UP 78 % OF AIR N 2 MUST BE CONVERTED INTO OTHER COMPOUNDS BEFORE USED BY LIVING THINGS N 2 MUST BE CONVERTED INTO OTHER COMPOUNDS BEFORE USED BY LIVING THINGS NITROGEN CYCLE NITROGEN CYCLE

23. NITROGEN CYCLE NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA CONVERT N 2 TO AMMONIA (NH 3 ) INTO AMMONIUM IONS OR NITRATES NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA CONVERT N 2 TO AMMONIA (NH 3 ) INTO AMMONIUM IONS OR NITRATES

24. NITROGEN CYCLE PLANTS ABSORB NITRATES BY ROOTS PLANTS ABSORB NITRATES BY ROOTS PLANTS MAKE AMINO ACIDS PLANTS MAKE AMINO ACIDS HUMANS GET NITROGEN BY EATING PLANTS OR ORGANISMS THAT EAT THEM HUMANS GET NITROGEN BY EATING PLANTS OR ORGANISMS THAT EAT THEM

25. NITROGEN CYCLE DECOMPOSERS BREAK DOWN WASTES AND REMAINS OF DEAD ORGANISMS AND RELEASE AMMONIA DECOMPOSERS BREAK DOWN WASTES AND REMAINS OF DEAD ORGANISMS AND RELEASE AMMONIA START AGAIN START AGAIN

26. Nitrogen Cycle

27. NITROGEN CYCLE

28. WATER CYCLE EVAPORATION EVAPORATION CONDENSATION CONDENSATION PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION

29. Water Cycle

30. BIOMES ICE ICE TUNDRA TUNDRA TAIGA TAIGA GRASSLAND GRASSLAND DESERT DESERT TEMPERATE FOREST TEMPERATE FOREST TROPICAL RAINFOREST TROPICAL RAINFOREST