1. practical electricity 2: uses and safety

3. a battery… a current can only flow when a circuit is complete… 12V 0 V

4. the mains… similarly, a current can only flow when a circuit is complete… 12V 0 V

5. a battery… consider this…

6. a battery… consider this… 12V 0 V

7. tell me why... … a bird won’t get electrocuted...

8. tell me why... … but a man would?

9. just imagine that... The current that flows in mains is similar to... 12V 0 V

10. just imagine that... The current that flows in mains is similar to... 240 V Earth

11. electric shock Different amounts of current will have different physiological effects on a person. CurrentEffect 1 mAThreshold - No pain beyond this point5 mAA frightening, but harmless shock10 mAUncontrollable muscular contractions50 mAPain and exhaustion. Breathing affected100 mAUncoordinated contraction of the heart

12. what happens... If an electrician accidentally touches a live wire of 240 V, what possible effect would he experience if his skin (a) were dry? (R dry skin = 100 000  ) R = V/I  I = V/ R  I = 240/ 100 000 = 2.4 mA (mild shock) (b) were wet? (R wet skin = 1000  ) R = V/I  I = V/ R  I = 240/ 1000 = 240 mA (DEATH)

13. just imagine... If I had to connect...

14. main dangers (a) electric shock occurs when a current passes through your body different amounts of current have different effects (b) fire due to overheating of cables

15. causes of dangers Hazards are caused by... 1. Damp conditions –water can increase the conductivity of the skin –could cause shock when operating an appliance with wet hands

16. causes of dangers Hazards are caused by... 2. Damaged Insulation –insulation protects us from touching live wire –can cause shock when bare hands touch exposed wire

17. causes of dangers Hazards are caused by... 2. Damaged Insulation –insulation prevents short circuit between live and neutral wire –can cause short circuit, increase current flow and causing overheating L N E

18. causes of dangers Hazards are caused by... 3. overloaded cables –having too many plugs at one power point can increase current at that power point –can cause a fire when the cables overheat

19. causes of dangers Hazards are caused by... 4. poor or loose connections –Poor or loose connections cause resistances to increase and cause overheating and electrical fires

20. what do you think... What are some ways we can use electricity safely?

21. let’s try... How do I protect appliances? I = 1.9 A

22. let’s try… How do I protect people?

23. let’s try… How do I protect people?

24. safe use of electricity 1. Fuse –safety device that breaks a circuit when the current exceeds a certain value –usually used to protect electrical appliances –made of a piece of tin-coated wire

25. let’s try... Fuse –rated with certain values –fuse selected is slightly larger than the required current needed –e.g. if an appliance needs a current of 3 A, then a fuse of rating 5 A is chosen I = 1.9 A I Fuse = ? AI Fuse = 2 A 1.9 A 2.0 A 2.1 A

26. example A television set draws 1.2 kW from a 220 V supply. What fuse rating should you select for the fuse? Fuses available: 1A, 2A, 5A, 10A, 13A

27. safe use of electricity 2. Earth Wire safety device that breaks the fuse if there is a short circuit to the metal case

28. safe use of electricity 2. Earth Wire safety device that breaks the fuse if there is a short circuit to the metal case

29. safe use of electricity 2. Earth Wire safety device that breaks the fuse if there is a short circuit to the metal case

30. safe use of electricity 2. Earth Wire  appliances that have double insulation do not have an earth wire. –the electrical cable is insulated from the internal metal parts of the appliances –all internal metal parts are enclosed in a plastic

31. three types of wires 1. Live wire connected to the mains is set at 220-240 V (in Singapore) is brown in colour

32. three types of wires 2. Neutral wire is set at 0V Is blue in colour

33. three types of wires 3. Earth wire the safety wire is connected to the ground is green and yellow in colour

34. precautions when wiring 1.Ensure coloured wires are connected to the correct pins 2.Check, with test pen, the ‘live’ wire. Neutral (blue) Earth (green & yellow) Live (brown) Fuse

35. how to wire How would you wire a bulb?

36. how to wire If you place the switch and the fuse in the neutral wire, the current will flow as circuit is now closed!!!

37. how to wire If you place the switch and the fuse in the live wire, the current will NOT flow as circuit is still open!

38. how to wire Better circuitNot so good circuit!

39. how to wire

40. series

41. how to wire parallel A parallel circuit is better because if any appliance has a broken circuit, the other appliances can still operate

42. how to wire ring Don’t draw!

43. how to wire ring

44. how to wire ring A ring circuit is better... Fewer cables are needed because there are two possible paths through which a circuit can flow, to and fro, from the mains supply to any particular circuit. This means that we can use, at any one time, twice as much current as would be carried within a single cable!