1. Exploring the Religions of Our World
Chapter 4 Islam

2. Chapter 4, Introduction Submission Brings Inner Freedom
7th cent. Abrahamic religion w/ Arab prophet Muhammad
Smaller than Christianity but fastest growing
Similar to Judaism & Christianity—Abraham, worldwide, & monotheistic
Islam means surrender or submission & from Hebrew root shalom = peace
True peace comes through surrendering & submitting to the will of God
One who does so is called Muslim
They call God Allah = The God
Humans must choose to freely submit (not forced) while rest of creation does so instinct—all creation is Muslim
Not negative but path to true freedom—grace, compassion, mercy
Muhammad is NOT founder—always existed from Adam, Muhammad restored
Jesus and OT figures are prophets & true Muslims
Muhammad ends the faith, apostasy/error/corruption, faith cycle
Muhammad is political (military) & spiritual leader
Allah is the center of all Islamic life which is universal & entails obligations to God and others (physical, mental, economic, political, social & spiritual)

3. Chapter 4, Introduction cont.
Mohammad
God’s final
messenger
“Seal of the Prophets”
Abraham
ancestor to Jews,
Christians,
Muslims
Islam
“surrender” or
“submission”
Allah means
“God”

4. Chapter 4, Introduction cont.

5. Chapter 4, Section 1: A Brief History of Islam
Muhammad is the “Seal of the Prophets” = last messenger of God; from Adam
Muhammad, Messenger of God
Born 570 CE in Mecca (Saudi Arabia)
Father died before birth & mother at 6; raised by grandpa then uncle Abu Talib—caravan merchant
Muhammad met Jews & Christians on caravans when older
Worked for & married Khadija—15 year older widow and business woman
Habit of praying & reflecting in a cave 1x a month on meaning of life
Jibril (Angel Gabriel) appeared to him in 610 CE
Called to be messenger of one God Allah—memorized & shared revelations
Few believed due to polytheism (360) centered around the Ka’bah in Mecca
Threatened tribal structure of Arabian peninsula
First followers: wife, friends Abu Bakr & `Uthman, cousin Ali, uncle Abu Talib, & slave Zaid
Persecuted so Hijrah (migrated) to Medina in 622 CE/1 AH—Islamic calendar
Grew under Muhammad’s political, spiritual, & military leadership
Returned to Mecca in 630 CE/8 AH, conquered, & purified Ka’bah
Most of Arabia Muslim by Muhammad’s death in 632 CE/10 AH

6. Chapter 4, Section 1: A Brief History of Islam cont.
The Rightly-Guided Caliphs
Caliphs are successors to Muhammad—first is Abu Bakr ( CE)
Finalized the conversion of Arabia to Islam
Succeeded by Umar (longest reign) who converted himself & expanded Islam to Persia, Damascus, & Jerusalem
Established a committee of 6 who elected `Uthman ( )—published Qur’an
Tension arose in Islam over administration & `Uthman killed by rivals
`Ali (Muhammad’s cousin) succeeded him but the Umayyah clan of `Uthman rejects
`Ali moved capital to Kufah (Iraq) & Mu’awiyah set up shop in Syria
After many battles, arbitration chose the Umayyah clan & Syria under Mu’awiyah
`Ali rejected so assinated; followers elect his son Hassan who recognized Umayyah
In 680 CE, Husayn (Ali’s other son) massacred w/ family in making claim to caliph
This Battle of Karbala caused the split in Islam b/w Sunni & Shi’ah Muslims
Sunni about 90% of Islam; recognize caliphate; caliph (rightly guided)
Shi’ah about 10% of Islam; recognize imamate; Imam (descendants of Muhammad; `Ali the first Imam = not only leader of prayer in mosque but overall leader)
Leader who guards and promulgated Islamic law differs but not beliefs & practices

7. Chapter 4, Section 1: A Brief History of Islam cont.
Classical Period
The Umayyad caliphate was a major turning point in Islam
Physical—moved to Damascus, Syria
Leadership—first non companions of Muhammad
Territory—expanded from Arabian peninsula to Constantinople & France by 713
Charles Martel halted at the Battle of Poitiers
Expanded to China & India by 750 CE
Spread was quick but conversion slow—Jews & Christians not forced & Arabic
Unified culture began to emerge but not without challenges
Secularization grew since so much focus on temporal administration
Opposition groups united including Shi’ah and the Umayyads fled to Spain
Abu al ’Abbas became caliph in 750
Moved the capital to Baghdad and the Abbasid empire was born

8. Chapter 4, Section 1: A Brief History of Islam cont.
Medieval Period
Known as the Golden Age of Islam—civilization & culture flourished
Moved from an Arabic to multicultural heritage in Baghdad
House of Wisdom—intellectual center for science, literature, & philosophy
Library’s attempt to reconcile faith & reason and science & theology
Translations & commentaries connect Aquinas & Maimonides to Greeks
Advances: engineering, geography, astronomy, mathematics, chemistry, medicine, literature (esp. poetry—1001 Nights), calligraphy, trade (symbiotic), communication
Unified Islamic culture exploded—language, belief, & law
Politically however, too big to remain united like Umayyad’s
Fatimids (from Fatimah = Muhammad’s daughter & `Ali’s wife) in Cairo, Egypt & Umayyad’s in Cordoba, Spain
Umayyad was divided & Islam persecuted in Spain under Spanish Inquisition (fall in 1492 and exile in early 1600’s)
Crusades = tension between Christianity & Islam from 1099 to in Jerusalem
Mongols ended the Golden Age capturing Baghdad in 1258 & ending the Abbasid’s
Turkish Muslims defeated Mongols 11 years later giving rise to Ottoman & Suleiman
Conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 but would decline as Europe rose

9. Chapter 4, Section 1: A Brief History of Islam cont.
Modern Period
Islam lost as Europe gained economic, industrial, military, & political power
Mainly due to industrialization and shifting global trade patterns
In the 18th & 19th centuries, most of their territory in Africa & Asia came under English & French imperial rule
Western culture was seen as a threat to & disruption of Islam by Muslims
Christian missionaries followed European trade markets & tension ensued
The creation of the State of Israel in 1948 by the West complicated matters
Epicenters: Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Israel/Palestine, Iraq, Iran, …
Political decline led to social & moral decline which led to reform movements (2)
Orthodox (Fundamentalism)—Saudi Arabia & Sudan
Secular (Reinterpretation & Adaptation)—Malaysia & Egypt
Tension between the two as well as between Fundamentalism & West
The last great Islamic empire (Ottoman) fell after WWI along with Germans
Nationalist movement abolished the caliphate in Turkey in 1924
Iranian Revolution ( ) under Ayatollah Khomeini is ex. of fundamentalist reaction to Western secularization & marginalization of religion from society

10. Chapter 4, Section 1: A Brief History of Islam cont.
The Nation of Islam
White religion of Christianity is the devil
W. D. Fard Muhammad founded Temple No. 1 in Detroit in 1930
Nation of Islam should have an African American nation within the nation
Disappeared in 1934 & succeeded by Elijah Muhammed of Chicago temple
Expanded as a separatist & black supremacy group in north on margins
Malcolm X (Little) was leader of New York temple in 1960’s
Challenged leadership of the Nation after Mecca pilgrimage—assassinated
Elijah Muhammad died in 1975 & his son Wallace (Warith) Din Muhammad agreed with Malcom X and united with orthodox Sunni Islam
Louis Farrakhan (1933-) disagreed with Warith & continued Nation of Islam out of Chicago temple
Despite assisting growth of Islam in America, the Nation of Islam is distinct from the universal Islam which does not advocate separatism or racism

11. You Tube Video: Islam
The History Channel--Inside Islam

12. Chapter 4, Section 1: A Brief History of Islam cont.
For Muslims, Islam has always existed, beginning with Adam the first man; thus all humans are Muslim, meaning they must “submit” to God
Muhammad:
Born in Mecca in about 570 CE
First revelation from the angel Gabriel who instructed him to be the messenger of Allah in 610
Moved to Medina in 622
Died in 632

13. Chapter 4, Section 1: A Brief History of Islam cont.
Successors to Mohammad were called caliphs
The first four caliphs:
Abu Bakr – first to succeed Muhammad
Umar – oversaw the expansion of Islam; appointed a committee of six to choose his successor
Uthman – a member of the Umayyah clan; was instrumental in the publication and distribution of the Qur’an
‘Ali – Muhammad’s cousin

14. Chapter 4, Section 1: A Brief History of Islam cont.
The Sunni Muslims and Shi’ah Muslims share fundamental beliefs and practices but are divided on who is to lead Muslims – why?
Chronology of the division:
Uthman is assassinated
Ali succeeds him as caliph
Uthman’s cousin Mu’awiyah is also proclaimed caliph
Following a series of battles, an arbitrator rules in favor of Mu’awiyah
‘Ali is assassinated

15. Chapter 4, Section 1: A Brief History of Islam cont.
Chronology of Sunni-Shi’ah division: (continued)
6. When ‘Ali’s son (Husain) makes a claim to leadership, he and his family are massacred
7. Shi’ah Muslims see Husain as a martyr and remain loyal to his family
8. The Sunni (the majority, approximately 85%/90%) accept the rule of the Umayyads
9. The Sunni support a caliphate and call their leaders caliph
10. The Shi’ah support an imamate and call their leaders Imam

16. Chapter 4, Section 1: A Brief History of Islam cont.
Historical centers of Islam:
Medina, Saudi Arabia
Kufah, Iraq
Damascus, Syria
Baghdad, Iraq

17. Chapter 4, Section 1: A Brief History of Islam cont.
Muslim scholarship sought to reconcile Reason and
Faith in the Medieval Period, which led to advances in:
Geography
Engineering
Astronomy
Chemistry
Medicine
Mathematics
Philosophy
Literature

18. Chapter 4, Section 1: A Brief History of Islam cont.
The Nation of Islam
W.D. Fard Muhammad – Motown African-American who spoke against Christianity as a white man’s religion and called for the establishment of a separate, African-American homeland
Elijah Muhammad – continued Fard’s message when he succeeded him, expanding the Nation of Islam to other cities
Malcom X – leader in New York who challenged Elijah Muhammad’s leadership and message before being assassinated by rivals in 1965
Warith Din Muhammad – Elijah Muhammad’s son who succeeded in bringing most of the Nation of Islam into union with Sunni Islam
Louis Farrakhan – led members of the Nation of Islam who opposed the more integrated ideology of Warith Din Muhammad

19. Chapter 4, Section 1 Review Questions
Explain how Muhammad received his first revelation.
As a messenger of God, what was Muhammad’s chief message to humankind?
What was the major cause of the rise of the two major groupings of Muslims—the Sunni and the Shi’ah?
On a map, locate the capitals of the following: the first capital of Islam, capital established by `Ali, Umayyads, Abbasids, Fatimids, Mughals, Safavids, remnant Umayyads, Ottomans.
Summarize some of the major contributions of Islamic civilization to Western culture during its Golden Age.
What were some of the major causes of the decline of the Muslim states in the early modern period?
Summarize the historical development of the Nation of Islam in the United States.

20. Chapter 4, Section 2: Sacred Stories & Scriptures
Qur’an most sacred book—direct revelations by God to Muhammad in Arabic
Over a 22 year period in Mecca & Medina for religious & moral life
Don’t place under anything & ritual washing before touching or reading
Sunnah is second authentic source of authority
Recognize OT and NT but human words and fallible unlike infallible Qur’an
Qur’an (Koran)
Means recitation
Muhammad illiterate so memorized, passed on through memory
Collected by 3rd caliph Uthman who wrote one version to preserve
Muhammad’s secretary Zayd ibn Thabit was assigned the task—compile & compare to those who memorized & recited during Muhammad’s life
Divided into surahs or chapters—two divisions: Meccas & Medina
Mecca (early)—God’s unity, power, glory; right living; end times; judgment
Medina (late)—common themes; practical matters of society, relations, $, law

21. Chapter 4, Section 2: Sacred Stories & Scriptures cont.
Qur’an (Koran) cont.
114: not chronological or thematic but some order with first & last verse
*Each a distinct revelation
Hesitant to translate—not only meaning but Arabic words since God’s words
Religious duty of memorizing dates back to Muhammad’s time (as children)
Hafiz is one who has done so—contests today; ironic; mix w/modern culture
Sunnah
The words & deeds of Muhammad & what he approved or prohibited (his way of life)
Compliment Qur’an so necessary for all Muslims (authoritative source w/ Q)
Hadith (story) is similar except compiled later in the 2nd century (Islamic) so not prophetic, infallible, or authoritative
Shi’ah have a 3rd authoritative source—teachings & writings of the Imams
Direct descendants of Muhammad’s cousin Ali so infallible for them

22. Chapter 4, Section 2: Sacred Stories & Scriptures cont.
The most sacred book for Muslims
A collection of the revelations to Muhammad received directly from God
Contains God’s infallible words, uncorrupted by human intervention
Literally means “recitation”
Divided into 144 surahs (Chapters)
Qur’an
(Koran)

23. Chapter 4, Section 2: Sacred Stories & Scriptures cont.
Second authentic source of authority for Muslims
Contains Muhammad’s words and deeds, as well as what he approved and prohibited
It is Muhammad’s way of life
It goes hand in hand with the Qur’an because one needs to fully understand and live as a Muslim
Sunnah

24. Chapter 4, Section 2 Review Questions
What does the word Qur’an mean?
Why is the Qur’an the most sacred writing for Muslims? What are other sacred writings Muslims revere?
Why can it be said that the Qur’an and Sunnah go hand in hand?
Compare the Hadith to the Jewish Talmud. How are they alike?

25. Chapter 4, Section 3: Beliefs & Practices
Monotheism central along with Judaism & Christianity
“La ilaha ilia Allah, wa Muhammadun rasul Allah” = “There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God” (Arabic shahadah prayed daily)
First part: Creator & sustainer, all loving, powerful, & knowing, present everywhere, gives & takes life, and judges all
Transcendent & immanent—divine providence
Free will—people are free to submit which brings true freedom
Second part: prophet means being a true Muslim in submitting
Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Aaron, Jacob, Joseph, Job, Jesus, & Muhammad (the Seal of the Prophets)
are all prophets & thus Muslim
5 Pillars that guide Muslim practice
are based on these two beliefs
Muslims practice these religious
duties alone & in community

26. Chapter 4, Section 3: Beliefs & Practices cont.
The Five Pillars of Islam
A formal religion but also a way of life according to five religious duties
The essence of Islam is submitting to God through these duties
Found in the Qur’an & Sunna—revealed by God through his prophets
These 5 pillars uphold faith if practiced as perfect as possible
Rituals but also efficacious acts
Physical & spiritual, worldly & other-worldly, personal & communal
Predominately define ummah = nation or Islamic community
Shahadah (Witnessing)
First and most important pillar—other 4 are expressions of
Similar to Jewish Sh’ma (focus on God as monotheistic)
Pray “La ilaha…” several times a day
Muezzin proclaims this creed from the mosque’s minaret
Birth, death, conversion

27. Chapter 4, Section 3: Beliefs & Practices cont.
Salah (Prayer)
Ritually pray 5 times (dawn, midday, afternoon, evening, night)
Ritual washing (wudu) before prayer & itself a prayer
Also, clothing (men & women), no shoes,
prayer mat, face Ka’bah = qiblah
Problematic in minority countries—anywhere clean but timing issue
Modern technology replaces muezzin
Friday special day but no Shabbat—2nd hour in mosque = Jum’ah (assembly) where imam (no clergy so a knowledgeable person) delivers sermon
Zakah (Almsgiving)
Obligatory act of worship that frees from obstacles to Allah
Amount not in Qur’an but 2.5% is normative
Other charitable acts are welcome so charity open to rich & poor
Smiling or picking up trash

28. Chapter 4, Section 3: Beliefs & Practices cont.
Sawm (Fasting)
All at age of puberty who are not ill or travelling
Month long during 9th month of Ramadan to
commemorate 1st revelation during Night of Power
No food, drink, or sex from dawn to sundown
No arguing & positive thoughts/deeds = joyous not somber
Entire Qur’an recited, light meals before & after, mosque
Ends with Eid al Fitr (Festival of Breaking of the Fast)
Hajj (Pilgrimage)
Held annually in 12th month in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Required only 1x during life; physical & financial
Perform Abrahamic rituals (Hagar & Ishmael not Sarah & Isaac)
Circle Ka’bah (2x 7x), 7x between Safa & Marwah, drinking from Zam Zam, stoning the devil, going out to pray on the Plain of Arafat, Eid al Adha (Festival of Sacrifice) = lamb Abraham slaughtered instead of Ishmael

29. Chapter 4, Section 3: Beliefs & Practices cont.
Islamic Living
Become part of ummah by reciting shahadah 1x
Duties & responsibilities & rights of worldwide community
Not an end but a beginning of practicing perfect Islam
Complete coherent way of life—shar’iah law
Sources are Qur’an & Sunnah for all
Sunni—ulamas interpret by consensus & analogy
Shi’ah—interpret through writings of imams from `Ali (leader not just prayer)
Many variations but Allah is lawgiver for every aspect of life
Women in Islam
Complex issue & controversial in modern day society
Qur’an raised status of women but more general than specific treatment
Women’s liberation movement has centered on dress (modesty for both)
Some pre-Islamic practices; varies by culture; similarities among all
Historical examples of success & more available today; families are backbone

30. *You Tube Video: Islam
Crash Course World History: Islam (History, Scripture, and Beliefs & Practices)

31. Chapter 4, Section 3: Beliefs & Practices cont.
Shahadah
Belief in one God is the central belief of Muslims
La ilaha ilia Allah
wa Muhammadun rasul Allah
There is no god but God,
Muhammad is the Messenger of God.

32. Chapter 4, Section 3: Beliefs & Practices cont.
Core Tenets
God gives life and
takes life away
Muhammad is the
“Messenger of God”
Free will is an integral
part of being human
God is the judge of all and
determines who will spend
eternity in heaven or hell
God is very involved as a
guide in human affairs
God is all-: loving,
powerful, knowing,
merciful, present
God is the creator
and sustainer
of the universe
Divine providence
Allows all events

33. Chapter 4, Section 3: Beliefs & Practices cont.
Qur’an
Biblical prophets mentioned in the Qur’an:
Adam
Noah
Abraham
Moses
Aaron
Jacob and his sons
Job
Jesus
25 Prophets mentioned in Qur’an
The
Christian
Bible

34. Chapter 4, Section 3: Beliefs & Practices cont.
The Five Pillars of Islam
Sawn (Fasting)
during Ramadan
Salah (Prayer)
five times daily
Hajj (Pilgrimage)
to Mecca
Shahadah (Witnessing)
Muhammad is the Messenger of God
There is no god but God,
Zakah (Almsgiving)
charity for the needy

35. Chapter 4, Section 3 Review Questions
Explain what Muslims believe about the two main sections of the Islamic Profession of Faith.
Name and explain each of the Five Pillars of Islam.
How does one become a Muslim?
What are the sources of shar’iah, and what is its role in Islam?
Discuss the role of women in Islam.

36. Chapter 4, Section 4: Sacred Times
All time is sacred, belongs to God
Five prayer times a day most sacred
Lunar calendar beginning in 622 CE w/ Hijrah of Muhammad
354 days like Judaism but don’t adjust—cycle of feasts repeats about every 20 years as they move through the solar year
Eid al-Fitr (Festival of Breaking the Fast)
End of Ramadan
First new moon
29 or 30 days after month starts
Festive family dinner
Cards, presents, decorations, clothes
Charitable giving to poor

37. Chapter 4, Section 4: Sacred Times cont.
Eid al-Adha (Festival of Sacrifice)
Second major festival at end of hajj
Willingness of Abraham to sacrifice Ishmael
Animal sacrifice (sheep or goat) is not purification
but sign of willingness to sacrifice
Four day period in Mecca or supporting at home
Ashura
God freeing Moses & Hebrews
from slavery in Egypt
Fasting on this Day of
Atonement like Jews
Also martyrdom of Husayn
in 680 CE for Shi’ah
Passion plays

38. You Tube Videos: Islam
Eid al-Fitr
Eid al-Adha

39. Chapter 4, Section 4: Sacred Times cont.
prayer 5
times each
day
Ashura
(recalls
the Exodus
from Egypt)
Eid al-Fitr
(Festival of
Breaking
the Fast)
Eid al-Adha
(Festival of
Sacrifice)

40. Chapter 4, Section 4 Review Questions
Explain the difference between the Jewish calendar, the Christian calendar, and the Islamic calendar.
What are the two great Islamic festivals, and what do they celebrate?
What are the two main significances of Ashura?

41. Chapter 4, Section 5: Sacred Places & Spaces
*Mosque most common—urban & rural
Cities of Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, & Karbala too
Mosque
Masjid = place of prostration
Public worship through prayer—communal or private
Stone or brick in a square
Minaret, muezzin, & adan
Minority locations call to prayer confined
Weddings, meetings, education in Qur’an recitation, funerals & prep.
Mecca
Holiest city; Saudi Arabia; birth place of Muhammad & 1st revelations
Pilgrimage & Kab’ah (Holy of Holies); center & symbol; Grand Mosque

42. Chapter 4, Section 5: Sacred Places & Spaces cont.
Medina
300 miles from Mecca in Saudi Arabia
2nd most holy city/site
Muhammad’s immigration from Mecca in 622 CE
Muhammad’s mosque, burial place, history of ummah’s development
Jerusalem
Jews, Christians, & Muslims (Muhammad’s Night Journey = winged horse to Temple Mount & brief ascension)
Practice of praying 5x’s a day
Haram al’ Sharif (Noble Sanctuary) & Dome of the Rock
*Later Mosque al’ Aqsa (Farthest Mosque—5,000 people)
Karbala
Iraq—“martyrdom” of Hasayn, family, & friends (Ali’s son & Muhammad’s grandson) by Umayyad’s over caliph sucession
Shi’ah muslims = people persecuted for the true faith
Golden dome pilgrimage site for Shi’ah muslims

43. You Tube Videos: Islam
Mosques
Mecca

44. Chapter 4, Section 5: Sacred Places and Spaces cont.
Mosque (Masjid ) - a place of public worship
Mecca, Saudi Arabia – the holiest city in Islam; birthplace of Muhammad and site of his first revelations
Medina, Saudi Arabia – second holiest city; place to which Muhammad immigrated
Jerusalem, Israel – the place of Muhammad’s “Night Journey”; place he ascended into heaven
Karbala, Iraq – the site of the massacre of the ‘Ali and his companions and family

45. Chapter 4, Section 5 Review Questions
Define mosque.
How did Mecca become a holy place for Muslims?
Why are Medina and Jerusalem also holy cities for Muslims?
What is the significance of Karbala and Iraq for Shi’ah Muslims?

46. Chapter 4, Section 6: Islam Through a Catholic Lens
Muslims are part of God’s plan for salvation (CCC 841; NA 3)
St. JPII (1985 meeting with Islamic youth in Morocco)
Dialogue today necessary & past due; common heritage;
largest religions; more in common than we think
Similarities
God—Creator, one, living, merciful, almighty, Creator, revelation, submit, decrees, plan, judge on last day
Abraham—prophets of OT
Jesus—exist, venerate as a prophet second only to Muhammad
Mary—virgin birth, devotion
Life—morality, worship, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, good deeds
Differences
Nature of God—one but not Triune
Nature of Jesus—human but not divine; crucifixion & death

47. Chapter 4, Section 6: Islam through a Catholic Lens cont.
Obstacles to Dialogue
Awareness of western vision of Islam from media
Fear that dialogue will (-) influence Islam—colonization
Sources of Dialogue
Nature of God
Abraham
Struggle against modern “-isms”
Family life
Preserving religious values & practices by avoiding outside pressures
Current issues—prejudice, poverty, environment, …
Key—sincere effort for mutual understanding
Faith & Football at Notre Dame
Football began in 1887—tradition of mass & religious medal
Theology courses for every student & player—keep football tradition
Ryan Harris ( ) all American o. tackle from St. Paul
Practicing Muslim—chose in 8th grade, Arabic classes, volunteer, hajj

48. You Tube Videos: Islam The Role of Conversion in Dialogue
Rochester, NY Dialogue

49. Chapter 4, Section 6: Islam through a Catholic Lens cont.
Similarities between Muslims and Catholics
The worship of the one God
The understanding of God as: living, subsistent, merciful, almighty, Creator
The desire to submit to God’s decrees
The veneration of Jesus as a prophet
The invocation of the Virgin Mary
The anticipation of the Day of Judgment
The centrality of Family life
Social concerns: prejudice, poverty, environment

50. Chapter 4, Section 6: Islam through a Catholic Lens cont.
Major Differences between Muslims and Catholics
Muslims do not believe in doctrine of the Holy Trinity
Muslims do not acknowledge Jesus’ divinity
Muslims do not believe Jesus suffered a human death by crucifixion
Do not believe in Sacred Tradition and authority of the Church

51. Chapter 4, Section 6 Review Questions
List some similarities between Catholics and Muslims.
Explain two major differences between Catholics and Muslims.
What are two areas of concern when Muslims engage in interreligious dialogue with Catholics?
List some suggested areas of dialogue with Muslims.

52. Chapter 4: Conclusion Present from the beginning of time
Forefront in the 7th century CE
With Muhammad
One of world’s youngest religions but second largest
Marked by zeal for the will of God
Also clarity in what is expected—accounts for attraction
Qur’an, Sunnah, & Five Pillars are central guiding principles
Structures in Muslim cultures make performing duties easier
More difficult in non-Muslim cultures
In both rely on the support of the ummah
Idea that all people are equal attracts many people—hajj’s white robes
Leaders are not ordained but anyone who is knowledgeable of Islam
Huge contributions to Western civilization—Renaissance from Spain
All Muslims are equal before God
All honor is due to God & God alone

53. Chapter 4 Islam: Vocabulary
Sunni
Shi’ah
Imamate
Imam
Shari’ah
Thousand and One Nights
Calligraphy
Sunnah
Surahs
Hafiz
Hadith
Islam
Shalom
Muslim
Allah
Muhammad
Mecca
Jibril
Ka’bah
Hijrah
Medina
Caliphs
Qur’an
La ilaha ilia Allah, wa Muhammadun rasul Allah
Five pillars
Ummah
Muezzin
Minaret
Shahadah
Salah
Wudu
Qiblah
Jum’ah

54. Chapter 4 Islam: Vocabulary cont.
Zakah
Sawm
Ramadan
Hajj
Zam Zam
Ulama
Eid al-Fitr
Eid al-Adha
Ashura
Mosque
Masjid
Adan
Haram al-Sharif
Mosque al-Aqsa

55. Chapter 4 Islam – Vocabulary Definitions
Islam – Surrender/submission to the will of God
Shalom –Peace; root of Arabic word Islam
Muslim – One who submits to the will of God
Allah – The God; Arabic name for God
Muhammad – Islamic prophet & Seal of the Prophets; human
Mecca – birthplace of Muhammad; holiest city; Kab’ah; hajj
Jibril – Angel Gabriel in Arabic; messenger of Qur’an
Ka’bah– Islamic shrine; Abraham built; Muhammad purified
Hijrah – Migration; Muhammad & Islam to Medina; 622 CE (1 AH)
Medina – Where Islam grew after hijrah; 2nd holiest city
Caliphs – Islamic leaders; successors of Muhammad for Sunni
Qur’an – recitation; exact word of God in Arabic; final revelation; 1st
Sunni –follow 3rd caliph Uthman & cousin Mu’awiyah of Umayyah clan

56. Chapter 4 Islam – Vocabulary Definitions cont.
Shi’ah – followers of the 4th caliph Ali (cousin) & his son Husayn
Imamate – leadership structure of Shi’ah Muslims
Imam – leader of prayer in mosque; Shi’ah Muslim leader
Shari’ah – Islamic law; varies from Islamic culture to culture
Thousand and One Nights – Poetic fables from India & Greece
Calligraphy – Artistic writing present in the Qur’an
Sunnah – 2nd authoritative source; Muhammad’s way of life
Surahs – divisions or chapters of the Qur’an
Hafiz – one who had memorized the Qur’an
Hadith – “story”; accounts of Muhammad; contain Sunnah; vary
La ilaha ilia Allah, wa Muhammadun rasul Allah – “There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God” = creed
Five Pillars – Religious duties Muslims must perform to submit

57. Chapter 4 Islam – Vocabulary Definitions cont.
Ummah – worldwide Muslim community or nation
Muezzin – “crier” who calls Muslims to prayer 5x a day
Minaret – tower attached to mosque where muezzin “cries”
Shahadah – “witness”; Islamic creed; conversion; birth; death
Salah – “prayer”; 5x a day; face Kab’ah; no shoes; mat; clothes
Wudu – ritual washing b4 prayer; mouth, nose, ears, face, hands, arms, & feet
Qiblah – niche in a mosque wall that shows direction of the Kab’ah
Jum’ah – “assembly”; 2nd midday prayer hour in mosque on Friday
Zakah – “almsgiving”; obligatory; worship; 2.5%; direct; obstacles; poor too
Sawm – “fasting”; post puberty; not ill/traveling; month long; day
Ramadan – 9th linar month; 1st revelation to Muhammad; fasting
Hajj – “pilgrimage”; to Meccas; 1x in life for those able; 12th month
Zam Zam – in Mecca where water flowed from foot of Ishmael

58. Chapter 4 Islam – Vocabulary Definitions cont.
Ulama – Muslim scholar trained in shariah & Qur’an/Sunnah
Eid al-Fitr – Festival of Breaking of the Fast; ends Ramadan
Eid al-Adha – Festival of Sacrifice; ends hajj; Abraham
Ashura – feast of freeing of Hebrews (Muslims) from Egypt; day of prayer & fasting similar; for Shi’ah martyrdom of Husayn
Mosque – public worship building; mainly communal & private prayer; stone/brick; square; funerals, weddings, recite Qur’an
Masjid – “place of prostration”; Arabic word for mosque
Adan – “call to prayer”; by muezzin from minaret; 5x’s
Haram al-Sharif – “Noble Sanctuary”; Temple Mouth; 7th cent. restoration; Dome of the Rock shrine to honor Night Journey of Muhammad (winged horse from Mecca to Jerusalem; ascension; receive 5x prayer scheme)
Mosque al-Aqsa – “Farthest Mosque” (from Mecca); built in the Noble Sanctuary later; seat 5,000

59. Chapter 4 Review Questions (Extra Credit)
Section 1:
Briefly outline the life of Muhammad.
Why is Muhammad called the “Seal of the Prophet”? How was he chosen as a prophet?
Name five biblical prophets recognized by Muslims as prophets.
What is the difference between Muhammad’s Night Journey and Night of Power?
Who are the Rightly-Guided caliphs?
What was the catalyst for Islam to split into two major factions so early in its history?
What is the major difference between Sunni & Shi’ah Muslims?
What is the difference between an imam and a caliph?
Name the starting date and center for each of the following Islamic empires: Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid, Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman.
What was the Golden Age of Islam?

60. Chapter 4 Review Questions cont. (Extra Credit)
What are some of the struggles some Muslims have with contemporary Western society?
How does the Nation of Islam as a movement differ from Islam as a world religion?
Section 2:
What is the importance of the Qur’an to Muslims?
Explain how the Qur’an is organized.
What types of writings can be found in the Qur’an?
What is the significance of the Sunnah?
Section 3:
What, to Muslims, is God’s most important attribute?
Name the 5 Pillars of Islam & the duties associated with each.
What are the characteristics of the universal ummah? What are the rights and responsibilities of the individual Muslim?
What are the two major sources for shar’iah?

61. Chapter 4 Review Questions cont. (Extra Credit)
Section 4:
When did the Islamic calendar begin? Why do Islamic festivals fall on different dates each year?
Compare and contrast the Judeo-Christian and the Islamic story of Abraham and his sins Isaac and Ishmael.
Section 5:
What are the prominent features of a mosque?
Explain why Mecca is the most sacred city for Muslims.
Why is the city of Jerusalem significant to Muslims?
Section 6:
In engaging in interreligious dialogue with Muslims, what must be considered?
Name three major categories of topics in which Catholics and Muslims find common ground for dialogue.
What commonalities did Ryan Harris find between Islam and Catholicism while Notre Dame?