1. Berlin: Europe’s Flashpoint, 1958-1963 History 337 / February 15, 2012

2. Khrushchev with Ulbricht at the SED’s Fifth Party Congress, July 1958

3. The Bundeswehr as “Europe’s fastest growing army,” 1960

4. Khrushchev and Mao in 1959, as the Sino-Soviet split was widening

5. November 1958: Khrushchev’s Berlin ultimatum

7. Foreign ministers’ conference, Geneva, May 1959 (four WW II victors at the main table; two German states at side tables)

8. The “Kitchen Debate”: Nixon and Khrushchev in Moscow, July 1959

9. Khrushchev welcomed in the United States, September 1959

10. Waiting for Khrushchev: Eden, Eisenhower, de Gaulle, and Adenauer in Paris, May 1960

11. Francis Gary Powers and a U-2 spy plane

12. Khrushchev’s response to the “U-2 incident”

13. Khrushchev and Kennedy in Vienna, June 1961

14. Refugees stream into West Berlin, summer 1961

15. Ulbricht press conference, June 15, 1961: “No one intends to build a wall.”

16. Kennedy TV address, July 25, 1961 [text of speech]text of speech “Three essentials”: 1. Allied occupation rights in Berlin 2. Free access to West Berlin 3. Freedom for West Berliners

17. Sealing the border, Aug. 13, 1961: a military operation

18. The wall… surrounding West Berlin

19. Freshly erected barriers, August 1961

20. Barbed wire at the Brandenburg Gate

21. An East German army recruit makes a run for it

24. The wall at Potsdamer Platz

25. The wall at the Brandenburg Gate

26. Vice-President Lyndon Johnson and American commanders on the scene in Berlin

27. General Lucius Clay (hero of the Airlift) inspects West Berlin police units

28. Standpoint at Checkpoint Charlie, October 1961

29. Peter Fechter’s death at the wall, August 1962

30. JFK at the Berlin Wall, June 1963 (with Chancellor Adenauer and Berlin mayor Willy Brandt)

31. “Ich bin ein Berliner” (June 26, 1963)