1. 1 TCP - Part II Relates to Lab 5. This is an extended module that covers TCP data transport, and flow control, congestion control, and error control in TCP.

2. 2 Interactive and bulk data TCP applications can be put into the following categories bulk data transfer- ftp, mail, http interactive data transfer- telnet, rlogin TCP has algorithms to deal which each type of applications efficiently.

3. 3 tcpdump of an rlogin session This is the output of typing 3 (three) characters : 44.062449 argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023 > neon.cs.virginia.edu.login: P 0:1(1) ack 1 44.063317 neon.cs.virginia.edu.login > argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023: P 1:2(1) ack 1 win 8760 44.182705 argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023 > neon.cs.virginia.edu.login:. ack 2 win 17520 48.946471 argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023 > neon.cs.virginia.edu.login: P 1:2(1) ack 2 win 17520 48.947326 neon.cs.virginia.edu.login > argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023: P 2:3(1) ack 2 win 8760 48.982786 argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023 > neon.cs.virginia.edu.login:. ack 3 win 17520 55:00.116581 argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023 > neon.cs.virginia.edu.login: P 2:3(1) ack 3 win 17520 55:00.117497 neon.cs.virginia.edu.login > argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023: P 3:4(1) ack 3 win 8760 55:00.183694 argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023 > neon.cs.virginia.edu.login:. ack 4 win 17520

4. 4 Rlogin “Rlogin” is a remote terminal applications Originally build only for Unix systems. Rlogin sends one segment per character (keystroke) Receiver echoes the character back. So, we really expect to have four segments per keystroke Q: What is the total number of bytes transmitted for a single keystroke?

5. 5 Rlogin We would expect that tcpdump shows this pattern: However, tcpdump shows this pattern: So, TCP has delayed the transmission of an ACK

6. 6 Delayed Acknowledgement TCP delays transmission of ACKs for up to 200ms The hope is to have data ready in that time frame. Then, the ACK can be piggybacked with the data segment. Delayed ACKs explain why the ACK and the “echo of character” are sent in the same segment. What are the delays of the ACKs in the tcpdump example?

7. 7 tcpdump of a wide-area rlogin session This is the output of typing 9 characters : 54:16.401963 argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023 > tenet.CS.Berkeley.EDU.login: P 1:2(1) ack 2 win 16384 54:16.481929 tenet.CS.Berkeley.EDU.login > argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023: P 2:3(1) ack 2 win 16384 54:16.482154 argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023 > tenet.CS.Berkeley.EDU.login: P 2:3(1) ack 3 win 16383 54:16.559447 tenet.CS.Berkeley.EDU.login > argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023: P 3:4(1) ack 3 win 16384 54:16.559684 argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023 > tenet.CS.Berkeley.EDU.login: P 3:4(1) ack 4 win 16383 54:16.640508 tenet.CS.Berkeley.EDU.login > argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023: P 4:5(1) ack 4 win 16384 54:16.640761 argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023 > tenet.CS.Berkeley.EDU.login: P 4:8(4) ack 5 win 16383 54:16.728402 tenet.CS.Berkeley.EDU.login > argon.cs.virginia.edu.1023: P 5:9(4) ack 8 win 16384

8. 8 Wide-area Rlogin: Observation 1 Transmission of segments follows a different pattern. The delayed acknowled- gment does not kick in Reason is that there is always data at aida when the ACK arrives.

9. 9 Wide-area Rlogin: Observation 2 There are fewer transmissions than there are characters. Aida never has multiple segments outstanding. This is due to Nagle’s Algorithm: Each TCP connection can have only one small (1-byte) segment outstanding that has not been acknowledged. Implementation: Send one byte and buffer all subsequent bytes until acknowledgement is received.Then send all buffered bytes in a single segment. (Only enforced if byte is arriving from application one byte at a time) Nagle’s rule reduces the amount of small segments. The algorithm can be disabled.

10. 10 Flow Control Congestion Control Error Control TCP:

11. 11 What is Flow/Congestion/Error Control ? Flow Control: Algorithms to prevent that the sender overruns the receiver with information? Congestion Control: Algorithms to prevent that the sender overloads the network Error Control: Algorithms to recover or conceal the effects from packet losses  The goal of each of the control mechanisms are different.  But the implementation is combined

12. 12 TCP Flow Control

13. 13 TCP Flow Control TCP implements sliding window flow control Sending acknowledgements is separated from setting the window size at sender. Acknowledgements do not automatically increase the window size Acknowledgements are cumulative

14. 14 Sliding Window Flow Control Sliding Window Protocol is performed at the byte level: Here: Sender can transmit sequence numbers 6,7,8.

15. 15 Sliding Window: “Window Closes” Transmission of a single byte (with SeqNo = 6) and acknowledgement is received (AckNo = 5, Win=4):

16. 16 Sliding Window: “Window Opens” Acknowledgement is received that enlarges the window to the right (AckNo = 5, Win=6): A receiver opens a window when TCP buffer empties (meaning that data is delivered to the application).

17. 17 Sliding Window: “Window Shrinks” Acknowledgement is received that reduces the window from the right (AckNo = 5, Win=3): Shrinking a window should not be used

18. 18 Window Management in TCP The receiver is returning two parameters to the sender The interpretation is: I am ready to receive new data with SeqNo= AckNo, AckNo+1, …., AckNo+Win-1 Receiver can acknowledge data without opening the window Receiver can change the window size without acknowledging data

19. 19 Sliding Window: Example

20. 20 TCP Congestion Control

21. 21 TCP Congestion Control TCP has a mechanism for congestion control. The mechanism is implemented at the sender The window size at the sender is set as follows: where flow control window is advertised by the receiver congestion window is adjusted based on feedback from the network Send Window = MIN (flow control window, congestion window)

22. 22 TCP Congestion Control The sender has two additional parameters: –Congestion Window (cwnd) Initial value is 1 MSS (=maximum segment size) counted as bytes –Slow-start threshhold Value (ssthresh) Initial value is the advertised window size) Congestion control works in two modes: –slow start (cwnd < ssthresh) –congestion avoidance (cwnd >= ssthresh)

23. 23 Slow Start Initial value: –cwnd = 1 segment Note: cwnd is actually measured in bytes: 1 segment = MSS bytes Each time an ACK is received, the congestion window is increased by MSS bytes. –cwnd = cwnd + 1 –If an ACK acknowledges two segments, cwnd is still increased by only 1 segment. –Even if ACK acknowledges a segment that is smaller than MSS bytes long, cwnd is increased by 1. Does Slow Start increment slowly? Not really. In fact, the increase of cwnd can be exponential

24. 24 Slow Start Example The congestion window size grows very rapidly –For every ACK, we increase cwnd by 1 irrespective of the number of segments ACK’ed TCP slows down the increase of cwnd when cwnd > ssthresh

25. 25 Congestion Avoidance Congestion avoidance phase is started if cwnd has reached the slow-start threshold value If cwnd >= ssthresh then each time an ACK is received, increment cwnd as follows: cwnd = cwnd + 1/ [cwnd] Where [cwnd] is the largest integer smaller than cwnd So cwnd is increased by one segment (=MSS bytes) only if all segments have been acknowledged.

26. 26 Slow Start / Congestion Avoidance Here we give a more accurate version than in our earlier discussion of Slow Start: If cwnd <= ssthresh then Each time an Ack is received: cwnd = cwnd + 1 else /* cwnd > ssthresh */ Each time an Ack is received : cwnd = cwnd + 1 / [ cwnd ] endif

27. 27 Example of Slow Start/Congestion Avoidance Assume that ssthresh = 8 Roundtrip times Cwnd (in segments) ssthresh

28. 28 Responses to Congestion Most often, a packet loss in a network is due to an overflow at a congested router (rather than due to a transmission error) So, TCP assumes there is congestion if it detects a packet loss A TCP sender can detect lost packets via: Timeout of a retransmission timer Receipt of a duplicate ACK When TCP assumes that a packet loss is caused by congestion and reduces the size of the sending window

29. 29 TCP Tahoe Congestion is assumed if sender has timeout or receipt of duplicate ACK Each time when congestion occurs, –cwnd is reset to one: cwnd = 1 –ssthresh is set to half the current size of the congestion window: ssthressh = cwnd / 2 –and slow-start is entered

30. 30 Slow Start / Congestion Avoidance A typical plot of cwnd for a TCP connection (MSS = 1500 bytes) with TCP Tahoe:

31. 31 TCP Error Control Background on Error Control TCP Error Control

32. 32 Background: ARQ Error Control Two types of errors: –Lost packets –Damaged packets Most Error Control techniques are based on: 1. Error Detection Scheme (Parity checks, CRC). 2. Retransmission Scheme. Error control schemes that involve error detection and retransmission of lost or corrupted packets are referred to as Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) error control.

33. 33 Background: ARQ Error Control All retransmission schemes use all or a subset of the following procedures: Positive acknowledgments (ACK) Negative acknowledgment (NACK) All retransmission schemes (using ACK, NACK or both) rely on the use of timers The most common ARQ retransmission schemes are: Stop-and-Wait ARQ Go-Back-N ARQ Selective Repeat ARQ

34. 34 Background: ARQ Error Control The most common ARQ retransmission schemes: –Stop-and-Wait ARQ –Go-Back-N ARQ –Selective Repeat ARQ The protocol for sending ACKs in all ARQ protocols are based on the sliding window flow control scheme

35. 35 Background: Stop-and-Wait ARQ Stop-and-Wait ARQ is an addition to the Stop-and-Wait flow control protocol: Packets have 1-bit sequence numbers (SN = 0 or 1) Receiver sends an ACK (1-SN) if packet SN is correctly received Sender waits for an ACK (1-SN) before transmitting the next packet with sequence number 1-SN If sender does not receive anything before a timeout value expires, it retransmits packet SN

36. 36 Background: Stop-and-Wait ARQ Packet 1 Lost Packet A B ACK 0 Packet 0 Timeout ACK 1 Packet 1 ACK 0

37. 37 Background: Go-Back-N ARQ Operations: –A station may send multiple packets as allowed by the window size –Receiver sends a NAK i if packet i is in error. After that, the receiver discards all incoming packets until the packet in error was correctly retransmitted –If sender receives a NAK i it will retransmit packet i and all packets i+1, i+2,... which have been sent, but not been acknowledged

38. 38 Example of Go-Back-N ARQ In Go-back-N, if packets are correctly delivered, they are delivered in the correct sequence Therefore, the receiver does not need to keep track of `holes’ in the sequence of delivered packets

39. 39 Background: Go-Back-N ARQ Packet 0 Lost Packet A B Packet 2Packet 4Packet 1Packet 3 ACK 3 Packet 5Packet 6Packet 4Packet 5Packet 6 Packets 4,5,6 are retransmitted ACK 6 Packets 5 and 6 are discarded Timeout for Packet 2

40. 40 Background: Selective-Repeat ARQ Similar to Go-Back-N ARQ. However, the sender only retransmits packets for which a time-out occured is received Advantage over Go-Back-N: –Fewer Retransmissions. Disadvantages: –More complexity at sender and receiver –Each packet must be acknowledged individually (no cumulative acknowledgements) –Receiver may receive packets out of sequence

41. 41 Example of Selective-Repeat ARQ Receiver must keep track of `holes’ in the sequence of delivered packets Sender must maintain one timer per outstanding packet

42. 42 Timeout for Packet 4: only Packet 4 is retransmitted Background: Selective-Repeat ARQ Packet 0 Lost Packet A B Packet 2Packet 1Packet 3 ACK 2 Packet 5Packet 6 ACK 6 Packet 4Packet 7Packet 0 ACK 7 ACK 1 ACK 3ACK 4 Packet 4 Packets 5 and 6 are buffered ACK 5ACK 0ACK 1

43. 43 Error Control in TCP TCP implements a variation of the Go-back-N retransmission scheme TCP maintains a Retransmission Timer for each connection: –The timer is started during a transmission. A timeout causes a retransmission TCP couples error control and congestion control (I.e., it assumes that errors are caused by congestion) TCP allows accelerated retransmissions (Fast Retransmit)

44. 44 TCP Retransmission Timer Retransmission Timer: –The setting of the retransmission timer is crucial for efficiency –Timeout value too small  results in unnecessary retransmissions –Timeout value too large  long waiting time before a retransmission can be issued –A problem is that the delays in the network are not fixed –Therefore, the retransmission timers must be adaptive

45. 45 Round-Trip Time Measurements The retransmission mechanism of TCP is adaptive The retransmission timers are set based on round-trip time (RTT) measurements that TCP performs The RTT is based on time difference between segment transmission and ACK But: TCP does not ACK each segment Each connection has only one timer

46. 46 Round-Trip Time Measurements Retransmission timer is set to a Retransmission Timeout (RTO) value. RTO is calculated based on the RTT measurements. The RTT measurements are smoothed by the following estimators srtt and rttvar: srtt n+1 =  RTT + (1-  ) srtt n rttvar n+1 =  ( | RTT - srtt n+1 | ) + (1-  ) rttvar n RTO n+1 = srtt n+1 + 4 rttvar n+1 The gains are set to  =1/4 and  =1/8 srtt 0 = 0 sec, rttvar 0 = 3 sec, Also: RTO 1 = srtt 1 + 2 rttvar 1

47. 47 Karn’s Algorithm If an ACK for a retransmitted segment is received, the sender cannot tell if the ACK belongs to the original or the retransmission. Karn’s Algorithm: Don’t update srtt on any segments that have been retransmitted. Each time when TCP retransmits, it sets: RTO n+1 = max ( 2 RTO n, 64) (exponential backoff)

48. 48 Measuring TCP Retransmission Timers Transfer file from Argon to neonn Unplug Ethernet of Argon cable in the middle of file transfer

49. 49 Interpreting the Measurements The interval between retransmission attempts in seconds is: 1.03, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64. Time between retrans- missions is doubled each time (Exponential Backoff Algorithm) Timer is not increased beyond 64 seconds TCP gives up after 13th attempt and 9 minutes.