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Peripheral Blood Prof. Dr. Xiaoxun Xie 2006. 9
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* a specialized form of C.T. * a circulating tissue * as a transporting medium * a total volume about 5 liters in health adult INTRODUCTION
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Components of blood * Formed elements------blood cells (45%) * Intercellular substance------plasma (55%) Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets H 2 O ( 90% ) Plasma proteins: albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, etc. Others:
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血液的组成 centrifugation ( 离心 ) ------- plasma Leukocytes + Platelets -------- Erythrocyte (Red blood cell) anticoagulant (heparin)
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血块、血清 —Serum —Clotting without anticoagulant
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Mature Erythrocyte * biconcave disc shape, providing greater surface area; * no nucleus and organelles; * Hemoglobin ( Hb ); * deformability. Blood smear SEM
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* not fully mature RBC * 0.5 1% of a total number of RBC * no nucleus * ribosomal RNA remnants (netlike structure) * remaining Hb synthesis * Clinic significance Reticulocyte
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* Function of mature erythrocytes: gaseous transport * lifespan of erythrocytes: 120 days * Size: 7.5 ~8.5µm (diameter) * Number: Male: 4.2~5.5×10 12 / L (Hb: 120~150g/L) Female: 3.5~5.0 ×10 12 / L (Hb: 105~135g/L)
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Pathological conditions Number Size Shape Hb Anemia Erythrocytosis SpherocytosisSpherocytosis; Sickle cell anemiaSickle cell anemia Thalassemia (地中海贫血) Large / small cell anemia
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Sickle-cell anemia is a painful disease in which RBCs become crescent shaped due to inheritance of an abnormal type of hemoglobin. Sickled RBCs break down, releasing hemoglobin into the circulation.
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Normal RBC Sickled RBC
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Typically, the affected RBCs are small, spherically shaped, and lack the light centers seen in normal RBCs. Spherocytosis
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General characteristic of leukocytes * spherical shape * posses nuclei * presence of organelles * a total number less than that of erythrocytes * exhibiting amoeboid movement * involving in body defenses and immunity
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Classification *Granular leukocytes neutrophils 50 70% eosinophils 0.5 3% basophils 0 1% *Agranular leukocytes lymphocytes 20 30% monocytes 3 8%
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Neutrophil Size : 10 12 µm (diameter) Morphology nucleus : highly morphonuclear rod-like 2-3 lobulated 4-5 lobulated young old cytoplasm : specific granules: 80%, small azurophilic granules: 20%, lysosome Neutrophils
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中性粒细胞 (血涂片)Neutrophils Lobulated nuclei Rod-like nucleus azurophilic granules * fine, uniform * evenly distributed * pink staining Charateristics of specific granules:
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Specific granules (80%, samll) contain: * alkaline phosphatase * phagocytin * lysozyme Azurophilic G. (large, less) containing: * acid phosphatase * Peroxidase Neutrophil (EM)
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Size: 10 12 µm (diameter) LM: - usually bilobed nucleus - eosinophilic granules * strong eosinophilia (reddish) * coarse and refractile * uniform size and evenly distributed Eosinophils Characteristic
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(电镜) Eosinophilic granules ( primary lysosomes ) which contain substances: * acid phosphatase * aryl sulphatase * Peroxidase * histaminase nucleus Eosinophilic granules with crystalloid in the center (EM)
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Size: 10 12 µm (diameter) LM: nucleus: lobulated; S or irregular; obscured outline cytoplasm: basophilic granules * variable size * uneven distribution * strong basophilia Characteristic Basophil
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Basophil (EM) Basophilic granules contain: * heparin * leukotriene * histamine nucleus
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Neutrophils: * ruffled membrane movement * chemetaxis * phagocytosis Eosinophils: anti-parasite; anti-allergy Basophils: * anticoagulation; * involving in allergic response Function of granular leukocytes
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Size: 14 20 µm (diameter) Nucleus: large, eccentric, light staining, deep indentation, horseshoe cytoplasm : abundant , gray-blue staining, weak basophilia, numerous pink-purple granules (azurophilic G) Monocyte
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Small pseudopodia, microvillus, mitochondrion RER, Lysosomes (azurophilic granule) contain: * Peroxidase * Acid phoshpatase * Lysozyme ( EM 模式图) nucleus Monocyte under EM
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Function of monocyte - differentiate into macrophages. - phagocytose - immune response - give rise to osteoclasts, which are able to dissolve bone.
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Size: 6 20 µm (diameter), small / medium / large nucleus : a round, densely stained nucleus cytoplasm: a relatively small amount of cytoplasm, pale basophilic (?) some azurophilic granules Lymphocyte
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* a large number of free ribosomes, * a few mitochondria, and other organelles * exhibiting small cytoplasmic projections in the surface of cells. (EM 模式图) nucleus Lymphocyte under EM
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Function of Lymphocytes: T LC: cellular immunity B LC: plasma cells humoral immunity
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Blood Platelets (thrombocytes) fragments of megakaryocytes no nucleus cytoplasm: two zones: - outer hyalomere hardly stains, cytoskeletal f. ( actin & myosin) - inner granulomer * bluish staining granule * Some other organelles
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Function of Platelets body's first line of defense to prevent blood loss. secretion of chemical platelet factors into the blood plasma. fibrinogen fibrin Blood cells +fibrils (insoluble protein) clot
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CellDiameter (µm ) Population number Lifespan (day) Erythrocyte7.53.5~5.0 ×1012/ L120 Platelet32- 4 ×1012 /µl4-6 Monocyte173-8% of WBClong Lymphocyte6-820-30% of WBCvariable Neutrophil10-1260-70% of WBC1-4 Eosinophi10-122-4% of WBC1-4 Basophil10-120.1-1% of WBC1-4 Peripheral Blood Cells
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Slides review
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Summary table. Erythrocyte & leukocyte Erythrocyte(mature) Leukocyte Number Size Shape Nucleus Organelle HB Granules Function Lifespan biconcave disc sphere non present
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