1. U.S. History I Chapter 13- Changes On Western Frontier Section 1- Native American Cultures In Crisis

2.  Culture of the Plains Indians  Native Americans in the west knew little beyond east of the Mississippi river. Easterners knew little of the west- desert with savage tribes. Mistaken beliefs of the Great Plains region. Great Plains region- grassland, west central U.S.- present-day Wyoming, Montana, North & South Dakota, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Kansas & Texas. Great Plains region- grassland, west central U.S.- present-day Wyoming, Montana, North & South Dakota, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Kansas & Texas. In the west (Nebraska & S. Dakota)- nomadic tribes- Sioux & Cheyenne- gather wild food & hunt buffalo. In the west (Nebraska & S. Dakota)- nomadic tribes- Sioux & Cheyenne- gather wild food & hunt buffalo.

3.  Culture of the Plains Indians con’t Horse & buffalo central to nomadic Plains Indians. Native Americans have horses/guns. Travel further & hunt efficiently. Buffalo- shelter/clothing/food/tools. Horse & buffalo central to nomadic Plains Indians. Native Americans have horses/guns. Travel further & hunt efficiently. Buffalo- shelter/clothing/food/tools. 1700s- most tribes nomadic & hunt buffalo. Live communally in small groups. Believed in spirits controlling events. No individuals dominated- ruled by tribal counsel. Land held in common use by entire tribe. 1700s- most tribes nomadic & hunt buffalo. Live communally in small groups. Believed in spirits controlling events. No individuals dominated- ruled by tribal counsel. Land held in common use by entire tribe.

5.  Whites Move West Claim land- farm/mine for gold. Traveled by horse, wagon & then railroad. Claim land- farm/mine for gold. Traveled by horse, wagon & then railroad. Culture differed from Native Americans- personal ownership pf land/house/businesses/mining. Settlers argued Native Americans gave up rights to land as they’re nomadic & not “improving” land. Culture differed from Native Americans- personal ownership pf land/house/businesses/mining. Settlers argued Native Americans gave up rights to land as they’re nomadic & not “improving” land.

6.  Whites Move West con’t Silver/Gold- gold fever. 1858- gold in Colorado draws thousands of miners. Silver/Gold- gold fever. 1858- gold in Colorado draws thousands of miners. 1862: Congress passes Homestead Act. 160 acres of land free to anyone who would live on/cultivate land for 5 years. 1862-1900: 400,000-600,000 took advantage of Homestead Act. Settlers from the South, New England, Germany & Scandinavian countries. Exodusters - several thousand African American settlers from post-reconstruction South to Kansas- came in a great exodus. 1862: Congress passes Homestead Act. 160 acres of land free to anyone who would live on/cultivate land for 5 years. 1862-1900: 400,000-600,000 took advantage of Homestead Act. Settlers from the South, New England, Germany & Scandinavian countries. Exodusters - several thousand African American settlers from post-reconstruction South to Kansas- came in a great exodus.

8.  Government Restricts Native Americans Government sets aside lands for Native Americans, later reversed policy. 1834- one large reservation. 1850- treaties: limit amount land. Native Americans didn’t agree to treaties- signed by chiefs who didn’t represent tribes. Some tribes try to stay on their land & slaughtered by U.S. Army troops. Government sets aside lands for Native Americans, later reversed policy. 1834- one large reservation. 1850- treaties: limit amount land. Native Americans didn’t agree to treaties- signed by chiefs who didn’t represent tribes. Some tribes try to stay on their land & slaughtered by U.S. Army troops. Cheyenne & Sioux- stay on their land- clash with settlers & miners. Cheyenne & Sioux- stay on their land- clash with settlers & miners.

9. Government Restricts Native Americans con’t Government Restricts Native Americans con’t 1864- Sand Creek Massacre. 500 Cheyenne attacked by U.S. Army. 200 Cheyenne killed. 1864- Sand Creek Massacre. 500 Cheyenne attacked by U.S. Army. 200 Cheyenne killed. 1866- Bozeman Trail- Battle of the Hundred Slain or Fetterman Massacre. 1866- Bozeman Trail- Battle of the Hundred Slain or Fetterman Massacre. Treaty of 1868- Some Sioux agree to live on reservation near Missouri River. Year prior- Comanche, Cheyenne & Arapaho agree to live on reservations. Treaty of 1868 ineffective- forced on the Sioux. Sitting Bull, leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux never signed treaty. Conflicts continued. Treaty of 1868- Some Sioux agree to live on reservation near Missouri River. Year prior- Comanche, Cheyenne & Arapaho agree to live on reservations. Treaty of 1868 ineffective- forced on the Sioux. Sitting Bull, leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux never signed treaty. Conflicts continued.

11.  Government Restricts Native Americans con’t Miners flood Black Hills for gold. Custer investigates gold rumors & reports gold plentiful- prompts gold rush. Red Cloud & Spotted Tail, Sioux chiefs appeal to government who respond by offer to buy land. Sioux refuse- sets stage for last battles of Plains wars. Miners flood Black Hills for gold. Custer investigates gold rumors & reports gold plentiful- prompts gold rush. Red Cloud & Spotted Tail, Sioux chiefs appeal to government who respond by offer to buy land. Sioux refuse- sets stage for last battles of Plains wars.

12.  Government Restricts Native Americans con’t 1876- Custer’s Last Stand at Little Big Horn. Seventh Calvary wiped out by Sioux led by Crazy Horse. Shocked Americans demand revenge. Late 1876- Sioux defeated. Sitting Bull surrenders. 1885- Sitting Bull becomes part of “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West show. 1876- Custer’s Last Stand at Little Big Horn. Seventh Calvary wiped out by Sioux led by Crazy Horse. Shocked Americans demand revenge. Late 1876- Sioux defeated. Sitting Bull surrenders. 1885- Sitting Bull becomes part of “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West show.

14.  Government Restricts Native Americans con’t Some Americans support assimilation of Native Americans. 1887, Dawes Act- effort to assimilate Native Americans by encouraging them to own & farm former reservation land which is given to them. Majority of best land sold to speculators. Some Americans support assimilation of Native Americans. 1887, Dawes Act- effort to assimilate Native Americans by encouraging them to own & farm former reservation land which is given to them. Majority of best land sold to speculators. Native American children taken away- sent to boarding schools & educated in “white man’s ways”. Result- children don’t fit in either world. Native American children taken away- sent to boarding schools & educated in “white man’s ways”. Result- children don’t fit in either world.

15.  Government Restricts Native Americans con’t Buffalo hunters, tourists & fur traders destroy very basis of Great Plains culture- the buffalo. Buffalo hunters, tourists & fur traders destroy very basis of Great Plains culture- the buffalo. Sioux continue to suffer- restrictions, reduced rations & diseased cattle. Turned to Wovoka, a prophet. Wovoka had a vision- Native American lands & buffalo would return & whites would disappear. He promised the Sioux if they did a ritual- the Ghost Dance, the vision would be true. Sioux continue to suffer- restrictions, reduced rations & diseased cattle. Turned to Wovoka, a prophet. Wovoka had a vision- Native American lands & buffalo would return & whites would disappear. He promised the Sioux if they did a ritual- the Ghost Dance, the vision would be true.

16.  Government Restricts Native Americans con’t The Ghost Dance movement encouraged by Sitting Bull. Movement spread quickly. Alarmed military & reservation agent. They sent Native American policemen to arrest Sitting Bull who gets killed. The Ghost Dance movement encouraged by Sitting Bull. Movement spread quickly. Alarmed military & reservation agent. They sent Native American policemen to arrest Sitting Bull who gets killed. 1890- Death of Sitting Bull not enough. Whites want revenge. U.S. Army fires on the Sioux in the Battle of Wounded Knee. 300 unarmed Native Americans killed. Indian wars end bitterly. 1890- Death of Sitting Bull not enough. Whites want revenge. U.S. Army fires on the Sioux in the Battle of Wounded Knee. 300 unarmed Native Americans killed. Indian wars end bitterly.