1. Unit 3 Chapter 3, Section 1 Structure and Principles Mr. Young Government

2. Essential Question How have the length of the Constitution and the 6 major principles helped it to survive for more than 220 years? How have the length of the Constitution and the 6 major principles helped it to survive for more than 220 years?

3. Structure and Principles The Constitution established a republic, power held by voting citizens through their elected representatives The Constitution established a republic, power held by voting citizens through their elected representatives The success of this system depends on an informed, participating citizenry The success of this system depends on an informed, participating citizenry Helps to both grant and limit government power Helps to both grant and limit government power

4. Structure US Constitution is simple and brief (7,000 words) US Constitution is simple and brief (7,000 words) Does not spell out every word but leaves it for future generations to interpret Does not spell out every word but leaves it for future generations to interpret Divided into three parts Divided into three parts 1. Preamble 2. Articles (7) 3. Amendments (27)

5. Preamble Introduction and states reason for writing Introduction and states reason for writing Wanted government to provide stability and order, protect citizens’ liberties, and serve the people Wanted government to provide stability and order, protect citizens’ liberties, and serve the people

6. Article 1 Establishes legislative branch Establishes legislative branch Also procedures for making laws, lists types of laws Congress may pass, and specify powers that Congress does not have Also procedures for making laws, lists types of laws Congress may pass, and specify powers that Congress does not have

7. Article 2 Creates executive branch, carry out laws passed by Congress Creates executive branch, carry out laws passed by Congress Power vested in the President Power vested in the President Detail powers and duties of President, describe qualifications of office and procedures for electing, and provide for vice-president Detail powers and duties of President, describe qualifications of office and procedures for electing, and provide for vice-president

8. Article 3 Supreme court as head of judicial branch Supreme court as head of judicial branch Outlines supreme court jurisdiction, or authority to rule on cases Outlines supreme court jurisdiction, or authority to rule on cases

9. Article 4 Explains relationship of the states to one another and to national government Explains relationship of the states to one another and to national government Each state must give citizens of other states same treatment Each state must give citizens of other states same treatment National government will protect states against invasion or domestic violence National government will protect states against invasion or domestic violence

10. Article 5, 6, and 7 Article 5-Spells out ways Constitution can be amended or changed Article 5-Spells out ways Constitution can be amended or changed Article 6- Contains supremacy clause, establishing that the Constitution, laws passed by Congress, and treaties of US “shall be the supreme Law of the Land” Article 6- Contains supremacy clause, establishing that the Constitution, laws passed by Congress, and treaties of US “shall be the supreme Law of the Land” Article 7- Addresses ratification of Constitution (9 of 13 states) Article 7- Addresses ratification of Constitution (9 of 13 states)

11. Amendments Means change to Constitution Means change to Constitution There are 27 amendments that have helped the Constitution change over time There are 27 amendments that have helped the Constitution change over time

12. Major Principles These 6 principles help to influence the character of American Government These 6 principles help to influence the character of American Government 1. Popular Sovereignty 2. Federalism 3. Separation of Powers 4. Checks and Balances 5. Judicial Review 6. Limited government

13. Popular Sovereignty Rule by the People Rule by the People Authority for government flows from the people and consent of the governed Authority for government flows from the people and consent of the governed

14. Federalism Power divided between states and national government Power divided between states and national government Represented a middle ground-forge a union but limit central government Represented a middle ground-forge a union but limit central government National government has the power to act for country as a whole, states have power over many local matters National government has the power to act for country as a whole, states have power over many local matters

15. Separation of Powers Each branch has its own responsibilities to help one branch from taking over Each branch has its own responsibilities to help one branch from taking over

16. James Madison Separation of Powers “But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others….Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place….If men were angels no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external or internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government, which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: You must first enable the government to control the governed: and in the next place, oblige to control itself.” “But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others….Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place….If men were angels no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external or internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government, which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: You must first enable the government to control the governed: and in the next place, oblige to control itself.”

17. Checks and Balances Each branch of government exercises some control over the others Each branch of government exercises some control over the others A check is a control one branch has over another’s functions creating a balance of power A check is a control one branch has over another’s functions creating a balance of power Veto- rejecting legislature Veto- rejecting legislature

20. Judicial Review Power of courts to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national govt invalid Power of courts to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national govt invalid Acts against the Constitution must be illegal Acts against the Constitution must be illegal Marbury vs Madison established the judicial review precedent Marbury vs Madison established the judicial review precedent Supreme court decision may only be changed by Amendment or supreme court changes its views Supreme court decision may only be changed by Amendment or supreme court changes its views

21. Limited Government Constitution limits the actions of government by specifically listing powers it does and does not have Constitution limits the actions of government by specifically listing powers it does and does not have

23. Essential Question How have the length of the Constitution and the 6 major principles helped it to survive for more than 220 years? How have the length of the Constitution and the 6 major principles helped it to survive for more than 220 years?