1. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto, California USA

2. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Credits ASC IGC LANL EPRI DOE MIT Stanford UW/ASC TCSUH ORNL

3. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Agenda Prelude –Why electricity is good for you –Aspects of Transmission/Distribution systems High Temperature Superconductors –What they are (layered CuO perovskites) –Materials issues related to wire Closure –Cables and Transformers –A pipe dream –Advice from some good old boys

4. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Electricity & Quality of Life Emerging Developing Developed FSUs log [ per capita GDP ] log [ per capita Electricity Generation ] Persian Gulf Electricity directly related to standard of living in most of the world Enormous increase in electricity usage seen for the 21st century

5. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Electricity & Energy Conservation

6. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Electricity: A Life Necessity Infrastucture is ageing T&D load growing New technology needed for re- regulated electricity

7. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 The Electricity Paradigm Generation/Storage –Fossil, Nuclear, Hydro, Chemical –“Green” (Solar, Wind, Biomass) Transmission/Distribution –Overhead & Underground –ac & dc (FACTS) End Use –Industrial (Motors, Thermal) –Residential (Lighting, Appliances)

8. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 “Re-regulation” Where does the power go? (simulation) How do you get it there? (power electronics) How much can you carry ? (superconductivity)

9. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Thus the mercury at 4.2 K has entered a new state, which, owing to its particular electrical properties, can be called the state of superconductivity H. Kamerlingh-Onnes (1911) A Big Surprise!

10. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 T C vs. Year: The Past 0 5 10 15 20 25 190019101920193019401950196019701980 Year Temperature (K) Hg Pb NbN V 3 Si Nb 3 Sn Nb 3 Ge Cubic Metals

11. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity: High-Tc Surprise! Bednorz and Mueller IBM Zuerich, 1986

12. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 1987: “The Prize!”

13. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 The Structure of “123” IBM Almaden, March 1987

14. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Memories of Rio, 1988 Houston, 8 Years Later

15. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 The Electricity Paradigm and Superconductivity Generation/Storage –Generators, SMES, Flywheels Transmission/Distribution –Cables, Transformers, FCLs Delivery/End Use –Motors, Electromagnets All Depend on Wire!

16. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 BSCCO OPIT/Ag Process ASC Wire Forming Process Oxide PowderMechanically Alloyed Precursor A. Extrusion B. Wire Draw C. Rolling 1.Powder Preparation Billet Packing & Sealing Deformation & Processing Oxidation - Heat Treat 2. 3. 4. Wire is the electrical commodity

17. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 BSCCO OPIT/Ag Tape

18. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Malozemoff’s Law

19. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Abrikosov Vortex Lattice Lorentz force

20. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Vortex Matter

21. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Hg-1212: Hg Fission  Splay Defects L. Krusin-Elbaum, et al., Nature World record H irr at 77 K in Hg-1212 Hg-1212 Prototype Tapes made at TCSUH Potential for high- field magnet inserts

22. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 BSCCO OPIT/Ag Tape: E-J Characteristic E = aJ n n = 15 T = 77 K E = 1  V/cm

23. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Difference  :  E/  J 2.0E-11 + 2.4E-07 Aluminum* *Aluminum @ (E=1  V/cm, J=250A/cm 2 )  = E/J T = 77 K

24. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Homework Problem MRI/  SMES Proto-Solenoid –Diameter = 1m; Length = 5m –Wire Diameter = 1mm; #Turns = 5000 –Wire Length = 15.7km; Inductance = 4.95H Operation Parameters –I = 392.5A (J = 50,000A/cm 2 );  V = 1.57V –“R” = 0.004  (J = 50,000A/cm 2, E = 1  V/cm) –E = 0.38MJ; B = 0.49T; P = 616W

25. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Solenoid Loop Current: t > t 0 L R(I) I(t) bIL dI dt 0 I(t) b(n1) L (tt)I n 00 1n 1 1n            

26. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 “Persistent” Current Decay B = 0.50 T B = 0.25 T 12 Days

27. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 HTSC Wire C/P Specs

28. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Bi-2223 OPIT/Ag Tape J C (B,T), B||ab

29. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Bi-2223 OPIT/Ag Tape J C (B,T), B||c

30. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 “J E (77 K)” DOE Target: $10/kA  m 77 K “Self Field

31. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 BSCCO OPIT/Ag : Ag Component, C/P Assumptions/Costs –Tape Dimensions: 5 mm  0.5 mm –50% HTSC Fill Factor –I C = 100 A –Ag Cost = $0.153/gm Ag C/P = $20/kA  m

32. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 J C Paths in BSCCO OPIT/Ag Polarized Micrograph Magneto-Optic Image J C Paths > 3.6  10 5 A/cm 2 > 2.6  10 5 A/cm 2 > 1.6  10 5 A/cm 2 > 0 A/cm 2

33. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Conventional Cable-in-Conduit Cable installed in steel pipe (~ 8-12” dia) Very common in USA, ~50% in Japan Easy to retrofit

34. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 EPRI/Pirelli: ac/SC/UG Cable

35. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Cryo System

36. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Cable Termination

37. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Tape Specs

38. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Cable Specs

39. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 EPRI/Pirelli Cable: Conductor ac Losses

40. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Summary of Losses

41. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Utility Study #1 South Carolina Electric & Gas (SCEG) Upscale Urban Neighborhood Underground link: 115 kV, 1.3 Miles Only 5% Use Study Complete: 4/97

42. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Utility Study #2 Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO) Downtown Philly Concrete Ducts: 13 kV, 2 Miles 100 % Use Study Complete: 5/97

43. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Pirelli/EPRI/ASC Phase II SPI Cable Demo Cable Specs –24 kV, 2000 A rms,”Warm Dielectric” –120 meters, 3  Location –Inner-city substation –Major US utility Programmatics –3 yrs, $5.4 M, 40% DOE, 60% Pirelli/EPRI

44. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Transformers

45. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Layered CuO Perovskites

46. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Irreversibility Field

47. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 J C = f(grain boundary): Y-123

48. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Biaxially Oriented Y-123 Out of Japan, LANL, ORNL EPRI/ASC Alliance to Commercialize Coated HTSC Conductors Generation II Wire

49. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Y-123 on IBAD YSZ

50. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 J C vs.  -scan for Y-123 on IBADed YSZ

51. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 J C Comparison: Y- 123 (IBAD from LANL)

52. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 J C Comparison: Y-123 (RABiTS ® from ORNL)

53. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 ASC/EPRI CC Alliance DeTex Pole Figures Buffer Layer on DeTex NiNonmagnetic DeTex Substrate

54. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Rolled/Annealed OHFC Kicuchi Backscatter Normal to surface Rolling direction Kikuchi backscatter Yellow boundaries > 8 o Others < 8 o Reeves/Babcock/Larbalestier University of Wisconsin Thieme/Thompson American Superconductor || [100] || [001]

55. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Recent IBAD Results 50x YSZ IBAD J C = 330,000 A/cm 2

56. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 “The SokPlot”

57. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Wire C/P Market Entry Thresholds Time C/P ($/kA×m) Substation Elimination SMES/FCL/Transformers 70% New UG Cables

58. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity for Global Electrification A Vision for the Future

59. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Global Electrification: A Superconductivity Solution

60. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 South America

61. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 The Superconducting Electricity Pipe! Total Cryo System Power: 5 GW dc Cost: 500 Miles

62. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Operating Parameters Capacity50 kA, ±50 kV; %GMW Length1610 km Temperature Rise, 1 K every 10 km, 65 K, 1 W/m heat input 21,600 liters LN 2 /hr, 100 kW coolers, 120 gal/min Vacuum 10 -5 -10 -4 torr10 stations/10 km need 200 kW

63. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Gas/HVDC Comparison Marginal Cost of Electricity (Mid Value Fuel Costs ) 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 05001000150020002500 Miles c/kWh LVDC ($5.5/kA-m @ 65K) LVDC ($10/kA-m @ 77K) HVDC gas pipeline

64. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Fathers of Electricity Discoverers Practitioners

65. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 “You can’t always get what you want…”

66. Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 “…you get what you need!”