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Sleep and Sleep Disorders. Neural Control of Sleep  Sleep and waking are different states of arousal.  Reticular activating system controls this. 

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Presentation on theme: "Sleep and Sleep Disorders. Neural Control of Sleep  Sleep and waking are different states of arousal.  Reticular activating system controls this. "— Presentation transcript:

1 Sleep and Sleep Disorders

2 Neural Control of Sleep  Sleep and waking are different states of arousal.  Reticular activating system controls this.  Decrease in arousal is accompanied by less cortical activity.

3 Neural Control of Sleep  Bodily cycles (circadian rhythms) are controlled by part of the hypo- thalamus.  Pineal gland controls circulating levels of melatonin— more light, less melatonin.

4 Biological Clock Circadian Rhythms

5 Stages of Sleep REM Sleep

6 Rapid Eye Movement (REM)Sleep  Eyes move rapidly.  If awakened 90% report dreaming.  Paradoxical  Muscles relaxed.  Brain active.  Sometimes called active sleep.  Seems to be necessary.  If insufficient, amount per night increases.

7 Effects of REM Deprivation

8 Sleep Disorders

9 Sleep Apnea  Most who suffer from sleep apnea snore heavily.  All snorers do not have sleep apnea.  So what is it?

10 Sleep Apnea  Relaxation of sleep leads to blocking of airway.  Person awakes briefly, gasps, and falls back to sleep.  May happen 100s of times per night.

11 Insomnia  Inadequate or poor quality sleep because of:  Difficulty falling asleep.  Waking up frequently during the night with difficulty returning to sleep.  Waking too early in the morning.  Unrefreshing sleep.

12 Insomnia  More common for:  Elderly  Females  Those who are depressed.  Causes:  Stress  Environmental noise  Extreme temperatures  Change in the surrounding environment  Sleep-wake schedule problems, e.g., shift work, jet lag.  Side effects of medication.

13 Insomnia  Contributing factors:  Expecting to have difficulty sleeping.  Large amounts of caffeine.  Drinking alcohol before bedtime.  Smoking cigarettes before bedtime.  Excessive napping in the afternoon or evening.  Irregular, or continually changing sleep-wake schedules.

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15 Less Common Sleep Disorders  Narcolepsy  Sleep disorder characterized by sudden bouts of irrepressible sleep.  Individual may fall to ground in sound sleep.  Can be dangerous if not controlled.  Regular hours and sufficient sleep.  Drugs  Cataplexy  Individual experiences sudden muscle paralysis as in REM sleep while they are awake.  Will collapse.

16 Sleep Walking  More common in children.  Usually outgrown by the age of 15.  Occurs during deepest sleep rather than REM sleep.

17 Night Terrors

18  Also occurs during deepest, Stage 4 sleep.  Most common in children between 4 – 7 years of age.  Child wakes crying as if in terror but seems as if not really awake. No response to visual stimuli or questions.  May, or may not report a scary dream when fully awake.

19 What is Sleep For?  It seems to be restorative:  Restores glycogen stores and stengthens the immune system.  Bodily repair—extremely active people sleep more.  Bodily rhythms may have evolved to ensure quiet periods during time when most predators for the species are about.  Consolidation of learning:  Lack of sleep interferes with memory storage.


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