1. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN: 0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. CHAPTER THREE STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES AND OTHER TYPES OF SPECIAL NEEDS

2. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS A student may have a disability without being handicapped. Male students with special needs are more common than female students. There is no relationship between physical impairments and intelligence. Most disabilities are not identified until students encounter difficulty in school. Given the right circumstances, any student could be considered culturally different.

3. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES Most common disabilities identified in U.S schools are: Learning disabilities Mild intellectual disabilities (also called mental retardation) Behavioral disorders Speech and language impairments

4. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Students with Learning Disabilities Academic needs Behavioral needs Social needs Physical needs Special services

5. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Students with Behavioral Disorders Behavioral needs Social needs Academic needs Special services

6. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Students with Mild Intellectual Disabilities Academic needs Behavioral needs Social needs Physical needs Special services

7. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Students with Other Disabilities Communication disorders Physical and health impairments Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Traumatic brain injury Sensory disorders Autism spectrum disorder Severe disabilities

8. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS Estimated to make up 3% to 5% of the school-aged population. Characterized by above-average performance on measures of intellectual performance May have special academic and social needs. Benefit from special learning projects and assignments to help them continue their development. May achieve poorly in relation to their potential May need assistance in relating to their age peers

9. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 CULTURALLY AND LINGUISTICALLY DIVERSE STUDENTS Culturally diverse students are those reared in a culture that is at variance with that found in the school or different from the dominant culture in the United States. 2 sets of expectations: Home School

10. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 STUDENTS AT RISK FOR SCHOOL FAILURE Students can be at risk for many reasons: Live in an impoverished family with inadequate housing, poor nutrition, and little or no medical care Slow learners (pace is below grade-level expectations Unmotivated to achieve in school

11. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Students at Risk for School Failure (cont’d) Older students with a history of poor school achievement may become truant or contemplate leaving school. “About 30% of students who enter the ninth grade drop out before graduating from high school four years later.” (Education Week, “Diplomas Count 2008: School to College,” 2008)

12. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 TYPES OF SPECIAL NEEDS Academic needs Classroom behavior needs Physical needs Social needs

13. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 ASSESSMENT OF SPECIAL LEARNING NEEDS Classroom assessment Informal assessment Curriculum-based assessment Portfolio assessment Assessment for program eligibility Use of norm-referenced tests Administered by trained specialists

14. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Assessment for Program Eligibility (cont’d) When students are referred for special education assessment, a multi-disciplinary team is formed to plan the process of gathering information about the need for extraordinary services. No matter what disability is suspected, the team will collect information on three major areas of functioning: Intellectual performance Academic achievement Area of disability

15. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 SKILLS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION TEACHERS Good teaching skills focus on the needs of the student (rather than any particular disability) and are based on the following 4 assumptions about students with special needs and the teaching- learning process: All students can learn. Learning is determined by changes in behavior. Teaching involves arrangement of the environment. Data collection increases teaching efficiency.

16. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 THINGS TO REMEMBER Both students with special needs and their regular class peers may require support in the general education classroom. Special needs occur in the areas of academic, classroom behavioral, physical, and social performance. Students with special needs, as a group, typically experience difficulty in academic and social areas; some students also have special behavioral and physical needs.

17. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 THINGS TO REMEMBER (cont’d) Information about special needs is more useful to the teacher than knowledge of the student’s categorical label. Causes of learning problems are important if they help in treatment or prevention. Appropriate instruction can prevent some learning problems and help to overcome others.

18. Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN #0136101240 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 THINGS TO REMEMBER (cont’d) Teachers arrange the learning environment to produce changes in the behavior of students. Data-driven instruction is efficient and effective in teaching students with special needs the behaviors needed to succeed in the general education classroom.