1. Lymphatic System

2. Body’s 3 lines of defense are _____, _______, and _______________.
What is bone marrow?
Function of bone marrow is?
What are WBC’s?
Example of dz/condition with increased WBC (leukocytosis)
Example of dz/condition with deceased WBC (leukopenia)
What is pus?

3. What are RBC’s?
What is RBC’s function?
Why are they red?
What is an antigen?
What is an antibody?
What are platelets?

4. What are some examples of Internal defenses to fight infection?
What is an example of an external defense against infection? (Hint- it is the largest organ in the body)

5. Relate Lymphatic to Immune System
Immune System– body’s defense system against infections (virus, bacteria, fungi)
Lymphatic System– system of capillaries, vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic tissue
Transports a fluid called LYMPH from the tissues as it returns to the bloodstream
Lymphatic tissue filters (cleans) the lymph of abnormal cells and pathogens

6. So, what is lymph
Thin, watery fluid that forms when plasma diffuses into tissue spaces (plasma is a straw colored liquid that is a component of blood)
Lymph is composed of water, digested nutrients, salts, hormones, O2, CO2, and metabolic wastes (Ex. Urea)

7. Lymphatic vessels
Located throughout the body in almost all tissues that have blood vessels

8. Lymph nodes AKA glands Located all over the body
Small, round, oval masses – range in size
Lymph vessels bring lymph to the nodes
The nodes then filter the lymph and remove impurities (Ex. Cancer cells, pathogens, dead blood cells)
The lymphatic tissue in the nodes produces lymphocytes (WBC) and antibodies (fight infection)

9. So, now the purified lymph (with its lymphocytes and antibodies) leaves the lymph node by a lymphatic vessel
As the lymph vessels leave the lymph node they join together and form larger lymph vessels that drain into 1 of 2 ducts

10. 1. Right Lymphatic Duct
Short tube that receives purified lymph from the right side of head/neck/chest and right arm
** Purified lymph nodes enter into the right subclavian vein which returns purified lymph to the blood

11. 2. Thoracic duct
Larger tube that drains the rest of the body and empties into the left subclavian vein
At the beginning of this duct is a pouchlike structure called the cisterna chyli---- a storage area for purified lymph before it returns to the bloodstream

12. Heart This is where the ducts drain into.
They drain into the right and left subclavian veins of the heart.

13. Lymphatic tissue
Produces lymphocytes (WBC) and antibodies (fight infection)
Examples of lymphatic tissue
1. Tonsils– you have 3 pairs
Palatine- located on each side of soft palate
Pharyngeal (adenoids)- located in the nasopharynx
Lingual- located back of tongue

14. 2. Spleen- organ located just below your rib cage on left side
Functions:
Produces leukocytes, antibodies
Destroys old RBC’s
Stores erythrocytes to release into the bloodstream if excessive bleeding occurs
Filters wastes from the tissues

15. 3. Thymus Located center part of chest
Goes away after puberty and is replaced by fat and connective tissue
During early life, it produces antibodies and lymphocytes to fight infection
- SO, why does it atrophy??

16. SUM IT UP

17. Diseases/Conditions 1. Adenitis Inflammation/infection of lymph nodes
Happens because large quantities of pathogens enter lymph node and infect the tissue
Sx: fever, swollen/painful nodes
Tx: antibiotics, warm compresses
If abcess forms- may have to incise and drain the node

18. 2. Hodgkin’s disease (lymphoma)
Chronic, malignant disease of lymph nodes
Sx: painless swelling of nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue
Tx: chemo/radiation, bone marrow transplant

19. 3. Lymphangitis- inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, usually resulting from an infection in an extremity
Sx: red streak extends up arm/leg from the source of infection, fever, chills, pain
Tx: antibiotics, rest, elevate affected part

20. 4. Splenomegaly—enlargement of the spleen
Sx: swelling, abd. pain
Can lead to anemia, leukopenia
If spleen ruptures—Intraperitoneal hemorrhage and shock----death
Can you remove spleen????

21. 5. Tonsillitis– inflammation/infection of tonsils
Sx: throat pain, dysphagia, fever, white spots of exudate on tonsils, swollen lymph nodes near mandible
Tx: Antibiotics, rest, tylenol/advil for pain, warm gargles
Chronic/frequent infections or enlargement that may cause an obstruction may need ?????

22. Other AIDS– caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
Mononucleosis (MONO)
Highly contagious (kissing disease)

23. Autoimmune diseases (immune system attacks its own healthy tissue)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Lupus

24. Vaccines and Immunity What is a vaccine?
How does the vaccine provide immunity?
Examples of “killed” vaccines
Examples of “live” vaccines