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L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 20061 L 6: Circumstellar Disks Background image: HH 30 JHK HST-NICMOS, courtesy Padgett et.

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Presentation on theme: "L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 20061 L 6: Circumstellar Disks Background image: HH 30 JHK HST-NICMOS, courtesy Padgett et."— Presentation transcript:

1 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 20061 L 6: Circumstellar Disks Background image: HH 30 JHK HST-NICMOS, courtesy Padgett et al. 1999, AJ 117, 1490

2 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 20062 L 6: Circumstellar Disks Background image: HH 30 JHK HST-NICMOS, courtesy Padgett et al. 1999, AJ 117, 1490 The Formation of Stars Chapters: 11, 13

3 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 20063 L 6: Circumstellar Disks Recent reviews include: Protostars & Planets IV, Mannings, Boss & Russell (eds.) 12 Articles on Disks 5 Articles on Outflows Zuckerman, ARAA 2001, 39: 549 Zuckerman & Song, ARAA 2004, 42: 685 Protostars & Planets V (2005)

4 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 20064 L 6: Circumstellar Disks and Outflows

5 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 20065 Flattened structures - Disks Inevitable consequence of star formation Rotation Magnetic Fields Rotation

6 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 20066 Flattened structures - Disks Inevitable consequence of star formation Rotation P.S. Laplace 1796, 1799 Exposition du systeme du monde Mechanique celeste I. Kant 1755 Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels Planetary System Formation Astrobiology School: Q1+2 2007

7 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 20067 Mass Loss - Outflows Inevitable consequence of star formation Angular Momentum Loss - Redistribution The race between mass accretion & mass loss processses

8 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 20068 Lynden-Bell & Pringle 1974, MNRAS 168, 603: Keplerian Disk Differential Rotation + Viscosity Mass Transport Inwards Angular Momentum Transport Outwards

9 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 20069 `standard model´: e.g., Frank, King & Raine Accretion Power in Astrophysics self-consistent structure of steady, optically thick  -disk blackbody radiation and thin disk approximation When / Where valid ?

10 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200610 Example: Lin & Papaloizou opacities (1985 PP II): Icy grains H - Molecules bound-free free-free (Cox-Stuart-Alexander)

11 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200611 Beckwith et al. 2000, PP IV Grain Opacities See Ph. Thebault’s lecture

12 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200612 `standard model´: e.g., Frank, King & Raine Accretion Power in Astrophysics self-consistent structure of steady, optically thick a-disk

13 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200613 40 observed SEDs of T Tauri Stars & `mean model´ of star+disk D´Alessio et al. 1999 HABE Disk Structure: Dullemond & Dominik 2004 includes vertical Temperature distribution

14 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200614 Gas Disks – Structure Models Steady Disks around Single Stars Boundary Conditions R in : boundary layer, magnetosphere, hole? R out : ad hoc?, interstellar turbulence? Viscosity MHD/rotation (Hawley & Balbus 1995) Opacity , T, …, XYZ,...,  , ...,  ...) ModelsAdams & Shu 1986 (flat) [examples] Kenyon & Hartmann 1987 (flared) Malbet & Bertout 1991 (vertical structure) D´Allessio et al. 1998,... 2003 Aikawa & Herbst 1998 (chemistry) Nomura 2002 (2D) Wolf 2003 (3D) See G. Mellema’s lecture

15 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200615 Observations of Keplerian Disks JE Keeler 1895 ApJ 1: 416 The Rings of Saturn spectrum image Courtesy Brandeker, Liseau & Ilyn 2002

16 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200616 2 Categories of Disks observed T Tauri Disks: around young stars (0.1 - 10 Myr) of half a solar mass (0.1 - 1 M sun ) at 150 pc distance (50 - 450 pc) in and/or near molecular clouds Accretion Disks Debris Disks: around young ms-stars (10 - 400 Myr) of about a solar mass (1 - 2 M sun ) at 20 pc distance (3 - 70 pc) in the general field Vega-excess stellar disks gas rich gas poor

17 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200617 Frequency of Disks High Rate of occurence around young stars NGC 2024 86% Trapezium cluster 80% IC 348 65% Haisch et al. 2001 and around BDs in Trapezium cluster 65% Muench et al. 2001 see also G. Gahm’s lecture

18 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200618 Gas Disks - Sizes Size scale (AU)Tracer (mode)*Reference 20000CS (1- 0) (S)Kaifu et al. 1984 5000 - 10000 13 CO (1- 0) (S)Fridlund et al. 1989 1400C 18 O (1- 0) (I)Sargent et al. 1988 <5001.4 mm (I)Woody et al. 1989 45 + 1600mm, cm (I)Keene & Masson 1990 2000.8 mm (I)Lay et al. 1994 7000H 13 CO + (1- 0) (S)Mizuno et al. 1994 50000.7 - 1 mm (S)Ladd et al. 1995 4000 - 6000C 18, 17 O (2- 1) (S)Fuller et al. 1995 1200 13 CO (1- 0) (I)Ohashi et al. 1996 4000H 13 CO + (1- 0) (I)Saito et al. 1996 5000H 12, 13 CO + (1- 0) (S, I)Hogerheijde et al.1997, 98 2500C 18 O + (1- 0) (I)Momose et al. 1998 107 mm (I)Rodriguez et al. 1998 20000CH 3 OH (2-1), (5-4) (S)White et al. 2006 Fridlund et al. 2002 for One Object: L1551 Size depends on frequency/mode of observation * S=single dish, I=Interferometer

19 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200619 Gas Disks - Sizes T Tauri/HABE disks 50 - 100 AUDust: mm-continuum interferometry 100 - 300 AUDust: scattered stellar light 300 AUGas: CO lines (evidence for Kepler rotation) Silhouettte disks (``proplyds´´) up to 1000 AUDust: scattered stellar light generally

20 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200620 Gas Disks - Masses H 2 Gas Directly CO and Dust blueshifted CO redshifted CO continuum

21 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200621 Gas Disks - Masses Lower limit: 0.001 to 1 M Sun (based on mm / submm continuum) How good are these numbers ? Do we understand disks ? ? Why ? dust gas +dust Solar Minimum Mass Nebula = 0.002 M Sun

22 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200622 Gas Disks - Make up gas disks consist of gas and dust what components? what proportions?

23 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200623 2 T Tauri Disks - Make up van Zadelhoff 2002 13 CO (1)* HCO + (5) HCN (5) CO (200) HCO + (200) HCN (200 ) LkCa 15TW Hya * (N) = depletion factor

24 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200624 2 T Tauri Disks - Chemistry Molecular abundances (rel. H 2 ) Species LkCa 15TW Hya CO3.4 ( - 7)5.7 ( - 8) HCO + 5.6 (-12)2.2 (-11) H 13 CO + < 2.6(-12)3.6 (-13) DCO + ….7.8 (-13) CN2.4 (-10)1.2 (-10) HCN3.1 (-11)1.6 (-11) H 13 CN….< 8.4(-13) HNC….< 2.6(-12) DCN….< 7.1(-14) CS8.5 (-11)…. H 2 CO4.1 (-11)< 7.1(-13) CH 3 OH< 3.7(-10)< 1.9(-11) N 2 H + < 2.3(-11)< 1.8(-11) H 2 D + < 1.5(-11)< 7.8(-12) Thi 2002

25 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200625 Gas Disks - Evolution Time scales (viscous accretion disk) t dyn ~  t therm ~  (H/R) 2 t visc t dyn ~ 1/  Kepler  ~ 10 -3 - 10 -2 H/R << 1 if T ~ R -1/2, t visc ~ R t visc ~ 10 5 yr (  /0.01) -1 (R/10 AU)

26 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200626 Gas Disks - Evolution Disk dispersal and disk lifetimes Physical Mechanisms Hollenbach et al. 2000 PPIV SE = Stellar Encounter (tidal stripping) WS = Stellar wind stripping evap E = photoevaporation external star evap c = photoevaporation central star All for Trapezium conditions T ~ R -0.5, t visc ~ R t visc ~ 10 5 yr (  /0.01) -1 (R/10 AU)

27 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200627 Gas (T Tauri) Disks - Evolution Disk dispersal and disk lifetimes Mass accretion evolution Calvet et al. 2000 PPIV Average Error Bar

28 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200628 Gas Disks to Debris Disks – Evolution ? See also lecture by Ph. Thebault f dust =  L IR /L vs stellar age (F)IR - excess Stellar luminosity (bolometric) How ?

29 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200629 Gas Disks to Debris Disks – Evolution ? Spangler et al. 2001 Clusters Individual stars (= 1 zodi)

30 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200630 HR 4796A  Pic HD 21362 Rieke et al. 2005, ApJ 620, 1010 24  m Spitzer data 266 ms stars

31 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200631 Debris Disks - Properties debris (collision products) or particulate (gas free) percentage of Main Sequence stars (15%?) (observationally) biased towards Spectral Type A for (detectable) ages <400 Myr Habing et al. 1999, 2001 disk sizes 100 to 2000 AU disk masses >1 to 100 M Moon (small grains) see Ph. Thebault’s lecture Pre-IRAS Solar system Zodi US Navy Chaplain G. Jones 1855 AJ 4, 94 Vega Blackwell et al. 1983

32 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200632 http://www.hep.upenn.edu/~davidk/bpic.html

33 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200633 How much Gas in Dusty Debris Disks ? Disk evolution hypothesis: gas-rich to gas-poor Census of material (m gas /m dust ): planet formation planet formation: enough gas for GPs ? planet formation: time scales ? planet formation: seeds of Life ? See astrobiology lecture

34 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200634 Putting it all together Outflows Infall Disks L 1551 IRS 5 - a protostellar binary

35 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200635 L 1551 IRS 5 Jet blue 10´´ Molecular Outflow – CO blue 2 arcmin Optical Image (NTT, R-band)

36 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200636 2 Jets !!! – HST-R + spectroscopy Fridlund & Liseau 1998, ApJ 499, L75 N: Bright and Fast S: Faint and Slow

37 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200637 Also 2 Radio Jets – 3.5 cm VLA (arcsec) Rodriguez et al. 2003, ApJ 586, L137 Counter jet(s)

38 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200638 Proper Motion of Disk Sources - VLA 2cm Rodriguez et al. 2003, ApJ 583, 330

39 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200639 Stahler et al. - Stahler - Palla & Stahler 1980 through 1993 F. Palla, priv. communication Mass-Radius relation (M/R)

40 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200640 Putting it all together: observation + theory of infall + theory of mass loss L 1551 IRS 5 - a protostellar binary

41 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200641 Putting it all together: observation + theory of infall + theory of mass loss L 1551 IRS 5 - a protostellar binary

42 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200642 adapted from Liseau, Fridlund & Larsson 2005, ApJ, 619, 959 MHD x-wind models: ang. momentum parameter J

43 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200643

44 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200644 Stellar Atmosphere Models Observed Spectrum (upper curves) Combined Rotating Model (lower )

45 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200645 After collaps and /or main accretion phase: Pre-main-sequence evolution begins...... next lecture by G. Gahm

46 rene@astro.su.se L6 - Stellar Evolution I: November-December, 200646 L 6: conclusions circumstellar disks are a consequence of star formation disks and bipolar outflows/jets are connected disks form potentially planetray systems L 6: open questions what are the physics of disks and their outflows ? how do disks evolve ? what fraction forms planetary systems ? when and how ?

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