1. Natural and Cultural Characteristics of an Environment that make it vulnerable to E.N.E

2. BRAINSTORM

3. Natural: On the map it is evident that Christchurch is among the lower ground-shaking hazard areas. These predictions were based on the distribution of active faults, how frequently faults have moved in the past, and the location of historic earthquakes. This illustrates that even lower- hazard areas are vulnerable – as previous ruptures on the Greendale Fault do not seem to have occurred in the last 2,000 years.

4. 1869, Christchurch, magnitude 5, ground shaking intensity 7–8 1870, Lake Ellesmere, magnitude 5.5, ground shaking intensity 6–7 1881, Castle Hill, magnitude 6.0, ground shaking intensity 5–6 1888, Hope Fault, North Canterbury, magnitude 7–7.3, ground shaking intensity 5–7 1901, Cheviot, magnitude 6.9, ground shaking intensity 6 1922, Motunau, North Canterbury, magnitude 6.4, ground shaking intensity 6–7 1929, Arthur’s Pass, magnitude 7.01, ground shaking intensity 6 1929, Buller, magnitude 7.8, ground shaking intensity 5–6 1994, Arthur’s Pass, magnitude 6.7, ground shaking intensity 3–6 2010, Darfield, magnitude 7.1, ground shaking intensity 5 2011, Lyttelton, magnitude 6.3, ground shaking intensity 8.

6. Natural Liquefaction Prone Areas… http://cera.govt.nz/news/2011/video-dr-jan- kupec-cera-chief-geotechnical-engineer- explains-liquefaction

7. Cultural

8. Age of Buildings Built in second half of the 19th century February 22 nd Earthquake, destroyed the spire and part of the tower – and severely damaged the structure of the remaining building. The cathedral had been damaged previously by earthquakes in 1881, 1888, 1901 and 2010.

9. Historic City Settled in 1848 Many of the city's Gothic Revival buildings date back to 1856Gothic Revival Built from local materials (Stone)

10. More than half of the listed heritage buildings within Christchurch (more than 250) were in the Central City, along with a large number of the city’s older buildings. As at 4 August 2011, about 80 listed heritage buildings have been demolished within the Central City.

11. RED Zone Map: http://file.stuff.co.nz/thepress/quakeland/

13. Group Task- Creating the perfect essay about the Canterbury Earthquakes Group One: Introduction to Canterbury Earthquakes and 1 Diagram Group Two: Natural Processes of CHCH Earthquake Group Three: Christchurch Earthquake Impacts (Natural, Cultural, People) Group Four: Human and Group’s Response Group Five: Conclusion and 1 Diagram

14. How to write an effective paragraph When writing an essay or answering an NCEA question you will use paragraphs. A good paragraph is STRUCTURED- it will contain a central idea, with the elaboration or explanation and examples.