1. Network design Topic 4 LAN design

2. Agenda Modular design Hierarchal model Campus network design Design considerations Switch features

3. Problem of flat networks Large broadcast domains – Broadcast packets interrupt the CPU on each host Routers, workstations and servers Large routing domains – CPU processing hit on routers which are required to process updates and advertisements from many other routers Flat networks are adequate only for very small networks

4. Hierarchical design model Each element has a specific set of functions and services and a specific role

5. Core layer Performance – High-speed backbone of the internetwork – Sufficient capacity – Low latency with a limited and consistent network diameter – No filtering and traffic inspection to slow down flows Interconnectivity – Connects campus networks to edge distribution (Internet services) – Highly available and highly reliable with redundant and hot swappable components – Adapts to change quickly with fast converging protocols Scalable – Distribution layer switches (routers) can be added without increasing the diameter – Collapsed core, where core and distribution functions combined onto same device for smaller networks

6. Distribution layer Aggregates the data received from the access layer switches before it is transmitted to the core layer – Controls the flow of network traffic using policies Filtering (ACLs) to control traffic moving onto the backbone and between VLANs – Defines the size of broadcast domains – Routes traffic between VLANs – Controls and optimises network traffic to the core Redistributes less optimal protocols to maintain optimal protocols across the core Uses summarised routes to core to simplify routing tables High availability and redundancy to ensure reliability – Two or more high performance switches, duplicate links and dual power supplies

7. Access layer Switches and wireless access points to connect users VLAN access for applications with specific requirements such as voice Controls which devices are allowed to communicate on the network – Access layer should be controlled so that users can not add a fourth layer by connecting extra switches, hubs, routers ‘adding a chain’… – Switchport security – BPDUguard

8. Benefits of a hierarchical network Scalability Availability and redundancy Performance Security Manageability Maintainability Cost efficiency

9. Campus network design

10. Campus backbone – high-performance, switched backbone that connects buildings and different parts of the campus Building distribution – Distribution layer switches which aggregates the switches in the wiring closets of the building Building access – Workstations, IP phones and endpoints connected to access switches and wireless access point Server farm – Accessed over the core and provides internal server resources to users such as application, file, print, e-mail, and Domain Name System (DNS) services. Network management – Access to management devices that support monitoring, logging, troubleshooting and security functions Edge distribution – at provides connectivity between the campus and the rest of the internetwork, WAN services

11. Modular design Minimise costs by using only required features Capacity planning – less bandwidth waste Network management systems can be distributed Simple and easy to understand Testing simplified Fault isolation is improved Scalable and consistent Facilitates change

12. Design guidelines Use hierarchical and modular models Examine single points of failure and build in redundancy Characterise application and protocol traffic Analyse bandwidth availability and determine capacity required – Design the access layer first – Design the distribution layer next – Design the core layer

13. Redundancy Duplicate network components to eliminate single points of failure – Core and distribution router or switch, trunk links, power supplies – Redundant data centres! Expensive to deploy and maintain – Select a level of redundancy that matches the customer‘s requirements for availability and affordability – Identify critical applications, systems, internetworking devices, and links – Analyse the customer's tolerance for risk and the consequences of not implementing redundancy – Discuss with the customer the tradeoffs of redundancy versus low cost, and simplicity versus complexity Redundancy facilitates load balancing – Requires routing protocol support EIGRP and variance command for unequal load balancing OSPF equal cost load balancing

14. Network diameter Network diameter is the number of devices that a packet has to cross before it reaches its destination. – The number of switches in the path between endpoints Keep the network diameter low to avoid high impact from device latency – Device latency is the delay the packet incurs crossing the switch. STP/RSTP is optimised for a network diameter of seven – Diameters greater that seven will produce errors

15. Designing links Identify user communities – Consider port density – number of switchports needed by the user community – Consider future growth – Consider the traffic flows generated from the network applications and the locations of servers used Data Stores and Data Servers Analysis – Consider the location of data stores: such as servers, storage area networks (SANs), network-attached storage (NAS) – Consider client-server traffic and use bandwidth aggregation and switch forwarding rates to eliminate bottlenecks for traffic crossing many switches – Consider Server-server traffic and locate servers together to reduce high traffic impact from rest of network Traffic flow analysis – Use traffic flow analysis to ensure capacity is sufficient Capacity on trunks Internal forwarding rates on switches

16. Design capacity Bandwidth aggregation – Consider the bandwidth requirements of each layer and aggregate links for more bandwidth – Link aggregation allows multiple switch port links to be combined to achieve higher throughput between switches. – EtherChannel, Cisco® proprietary link aggregation technology

17. Create topology diagrams A topology is a map of an internetwork – Indicates network segments, interconnection points and user communities, servers and data stores – Indicates size and scope of networks – Types of internetworking devices Access, distribution and core switches, APs, Routers – Redundant paths and aggregated links Document network infrastructure in a topology diagram

18. Switch performance features Port density – Number of ports available on a single switch – Higher port densities use less space and power and require less uplink ports and less port aggregation for uplinks Forwarding rates – How much data the switch can process per second – the processing ability – Wire speed is the data rate that each port on the switch is capable of attaining Fa or Gig – Does the forwarding rate allow full wire speed across all ports? Is this required? Yes for distribution switches, probably not for access layer switches Link aggregation – To reduce bottlenecks of traffic by allowing up to eight switch ports to be bound together for data communications – 8 * 1Gb/s = 8 Gbps throughput on uplink – EtherChannel technology allows the grouping of switchports to create one logical Ethernet link – Fault tolerance and high-speed links between switches, routers, and serve rs

19. Switch features Switch form factors – Fixed configuration switches: Cannot be expanded with extra features such as ports – Modular configuration switches Buy a chassis of a particular size and modular line cards with the switchports – more flexible – Stackable switches StackWise® technology to connect up to nine switches using a special backplane cable Higher bandwidth throughput between the switches than using line ports Rack size – thickness of the switch expressed in number of rack units – 1 rack unit (1U)

20. Other switch features Power over Ethernet – Switch delivers power using existing Ethernet cabling – Wireless Access Points and phones can be located where cables are – Adds considerable cost to switch – Balance cost of switch to cost of power packs and installing outlets Multilayer switches Perform layer 3 and 4 functions such as routing and enforcing security policy with ACLs

21. Access layer switch features Port security – By number of hosts and by MAC address VLANs – For security domains and performance (voice VLAN) Port speed and link aggregation – Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet – Reserve extra switchports for aggregation, faster uplink connections Power over Ethernet (PoE) – Extra expensive – is it required for IP phones and Access Points? Internal forwarding rate – Does not need to be as high as combined switchport speed as end devices unlikely to be fully used all the time QoS support – Classification of voice and video traffic in a converged network

22. Distribution layer switch features Layer 3 support – Inter-VLAN routing – Security policies – ACLS control where traffic can flow – QoS – classified traffic moves through priority queues more quickly Redundancy – Two power supplies which are hot swappable H igh forwarding rates – Layer 3 functions are processor intensive Link aggregation – Accept aggregated links from access layer switches – Ether-channel capabilities Performance – Move traffic to core with high speed aggregated links – Gig and 10 Gig

23. Core layer switch features Very high forwarding rates – Depends on number and location of devices and their traffic flows – Use traffic flow analysis to determine the rate required Link aggregation – to ensure adequate bandwidth support for aggregated 10 GbE connections Redundancy – Fast convergence- the time to resume after hardware or link failure – Layer 3 protocols are faster to recover than layer 2 protocols – Hot-swappable hardware such as power supplies and fans to avoid downtime Quality of Service (QoS) – Moving traffic through the network at the optimal rates for the type of traffic

24. Selecting switches What are the business goals for performance level or redundancy? – How many end devices? – How many access layer switches? – Estimate traffic that each end device generates – Select distribution switches able to process traffic Performance and forwarding rates, interfaces What technology features are required? Build in redundancy for distribution layer – Select core switches able to process traffic crossing backbone Performance and forwarding rates, interfaces Build in redundancy for core layer

25. Agenda Modular design Hierarchal model Campus network design Design considerations Switch features