1. Characteristics, localization strategies
Localization Formats
Characteristics, localization strategies
Dipl.-Übersetzer Daniel Zielinski
Dept Saarland University

2. Localization Formats: Overview
Software: RC files, Borland Delphi, Java, XML, .NET, Visual Basic, .po, XLIFF, ...
Online help: chm, hlp, rtf
Documentation: fm, indd, doc, rtf, …
Web pages: xml, html, php, js, pl, …
Graphic files: gif, jpg, tiff, psd, …
Online Help: RTF (WinHelp Version 3 and 4), since Win98 increased HTML

3. Localization Formats: Software
Special software formats
RC files
HTML
XML
Meta localization formats
XLIFF

4. Localization Formats:
Document formats in which localization relevant data can be stored
Motivation and goal: separation of program code and localization data
Programming languages offer different localization formats
The differences depend on:
Which data is considered relevant for localization
How is data stored
How placeables and escape sequences are used
Data:
Texts
Properties used for representing interfaces in software

5. Localization Formats: Challenges
External structure
Identification of localizable information
Editing without destroying/corrupting the format
Context, scope, programming concepts
Missing context information
Inheritance
Incomplete information
Rules for target files
Internal structure
Placeables
Escape sequences
Tags
Binary files
vs.
source files
text-based
vs.
XML-based

6. Standard Windows resource format Localizable information:
Windows RC Files
Standard Windows resource format
Localizable information:
Dialogues
Menus
String tables
Information:
Whereas localizable information from dialogues and menus is stored automatically in the resource files by using software development tools, this is not the case when localizable information comes from error messages and text not contained in dialogues and menus.
It is also possible that some error messages are not localized or cannot be localized.

7. Windows RC Files: Example
IDD_ABOUTBOX DIALOG DISCARDABLE 0, 0, 235, 55
STYLE DS_MODALFRAME | WS_POPUP | WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU
CAPTION "Info über SimpleSample"
FONT 8, "MS Sans Serif"
BEGIN
ICON IDR_MAINFRAME, IDC_STATIC, 11,17,20,20
LTEXT "SimpleSample Version 1.0", IDC_STATIC,40,10,119,8,SS_NOPREFIX
LTEXT "Copyright (C) 2005", IDC_STATIC, 40,25,119,8
DEFPUSHBUTTON "&OK",IDOK,178,7,50,14,WS_GROUP
END
Exercise:
Identify the localizable information

8. Windows RC Files: Example
IDD_ABOUTBOX DIALOG DISCARDABLE 0, 0, 235, 55
STYLE DS_MODALFRAME | WS_POPUP | WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU
CAPTION "Info über SimpleSample"
FONT 8, "MS Sans Serif"
BEGIN
ICON IDR_MAINFRAME, IDC_STATIC, 11,17,20,20
LTEXT "SimpleSample Version 1.0", IDC_STATIC,40,10,119,8,SS_NOPREFIX
LTEXT "Copyright (C) 2005", IDC_STATIC, 40,25,119,8
DEFPUSHBUTTON "&OK",IDOK,178,7,50,14,WS_GROUP
END
Localizable elements:
Text
Push buttons

9. Windows RC Files: Example
IDD_ABOUTBOX DIALOG DISCARDABLE 0, 0, 235, 55
STYLE DS_MODALFRAME | WS_POPUP | WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU
CAPTION "Info über SimpleSample"
FONT 8, "MS Sans Serif"
BEGIN
ICON IDR_MAINFRAME, IDC_STATIC, 11,17,20,20
LTEXT "SimpleSample Version 1.0", IDC_STATIC,40,10,119,8,SS_NOPREFIX
LTEXT "Copyright (C) 2005", IDC_STATIC, 40,25,119,8
DEFPUSHBUTTON "&OK",IDOK,178,7,50,14,WS_GROUP
END
Localizable elements:
Coordinates
Size specifications
Fonts
Font size

10. Windows RC Files: Example
IDD_ABOUTBOX DIALOG DISCARDABLE 0, 0, 235, 55
STYLE DS_MODALFRAME | WS_POPUP | WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU
CAPTION "Info über SimpleSample"
FONT 8, "MS Sans Serif"
BEGIN
ICON IDR_MAINFRAME, IDC_STATIC, 11,17,20,20
LTEXT "SimpleSample Version 1.0", IDC_STATIC,40,10,119,8,SS_NOPREFIX
LTEXT "Copyright (C) 2005", IDC_STATIC, 40,25,119,8
DEFPUSHBUTTON "&OK",IDOK,178,7,50,14,WS_GROUP
END
IDs
Not very intuitive to use
Changes in the source format without having technical support can lead to errors

11. Windows RC Files: Tags, escape sequences
IDD_ABOUTBOX DIALOG DISCARDABLE 0, 0, 235, 55
STYLE DS_MODALFRAME | WS_POPUP | WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU
CAPTION "Meyer && Söhne"
FONT 8, "MS Sans Serif"
BEGIN
ICON IDR_MAINFRAME, IDC_STATIC, 11,17,20,20
LTEXT "SimpleSample Version 1.0", IDC_STATIC,40,10,119,8,SS_NOPREFIX
LTEXT "Copyright (C) 2005", IDC_STATIC, 40,25,119,8
DEFPUSHBUTTON "&OK",IDOK,178,7,50,14,WS_GROUP
END
STRING TABLE DISCARDABLE
AFX_IDS_ERRMSG1 "Die Datei %s enthält %d Worte."
AFX_IDS_ERRMSG2 "Die Datei %1 enthält %2 Worte."
AFX_IDS_PREVIEW_CLOSE " Beendet die Seitenansicht.\nSeitenansicht beenden"
'&' is a Tag and determines the access key
'&' cannot be used for itself '&' => '&&'
'&&' is the Escape sequence for '&‚ (but not always, e.g. string tables)
Escape sequences for line breaks: '\n' and for '\' is '\\'

12. Windows RC Files: Placeables
IDD_ABOUTBOX DIALOG DISCARDABLE 0, 0, 235, 55
STYLE DS_MODALFRAME | WS_POPUP | WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU
CAPTION "Meyer && Söhne"
FONT 8, "MS Sans Serif"
BEGIN
ICON IDR_MAINFRAME, IDC_STATIC, 11,17,20,20
LTEXT "SimpleSample Version 1.0", IDC_STATIC,40,10,119,8,SS_NOPREFIX
LTEXT "Copyright (C) 2005", IDC_STATIC, 40,25,119,8
DEFPUSHBUTTON "&OK",IDOK,178,7,50,14,WS_GROUP
END
STRINGTABLE DISCARDABLE
AFX_IDS_ERRMSG1 "Die Datei %s enthält %d Worte."
AFX_IDS_PREVIEW_CLOSE "Beendet die Seitenansicht.\nSeitenansicht beenden"
AFX_IDS_PREVIEW_SIZE "Zoom: %d %%"
Problems:
Changing the sentence order in the translation can lead to changes in the order of placeables, which can cause program errors
Information:
In other development environments position-independent placeables are used (%1, %2)
Placeables are substituted with current values during runtime
%s and %d are position-sensitive placeables that are used in C and C++
Also '%' needs escape sequence '%%'

13. Windows RC Files: String tables
Contain symbolic names of program elements (IDs) and their external identifiers
IDs:
Connect program code and resources
STRINGTABLE DISCARDABLE
BEGIN
AFX_IDS_SCRESTORE "Stellt das Fenster in seiner normalen Größe wieder her."
AFX_IDS_SCTASKLIST "Aktiviert die ""Task-Liste""."
AFX_IDS_ERROR "Quelldatei enthält %d Fehler."
END
AFX_IDS_PREVIEW_CLOSE "Beendet die Seitenansicht.\nSeitenansicht beenden"
AFX_IDS_COMPANY_NAME "Meyer && Eriksson"
Double quotes (") are escaped with ("")
Line breaks and tabulators are escaped with \n and \t
Back slashes are escaped with \\
%d, %s, %1, … are used as placeables
% is escaped with %%

14. Windows RC Files: String tables: Localization
Localization without context information
Only indication: IDs (additional information in program code)
IDs should not be modified
Possible insertion of comments in string tables

15. Windows RC Files: Localization
Flat structure
Superposition of controls (tab controls)
 time-consuming localization

16. Windows RC Files: Localization
Problems with character sets & fonts
Binary resources saved always as Unicode
Programs can be Unicode- and codepage-based
Representation problems in operating systems that are not Unicode-based (MS Win 9x/ME)
Not always localization errors
Use of generic fonts
Always test in localized target system

17. Windows RC Files: Localization

18. EXERCISE I

19. HyperText Markup Language
HTML
HyperText Markup Language

23. HTML: Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML localization example file</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO ">
<meta name="author" content="Daniel Zielinski">
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML Software localization Website">
<meta name="description" lang="en" content="This file should give you an example of how complex web page localization can be.">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./ecolotrain.css">
</head>
<body>
<a name="top" />
<div>
<h1>HTML localization Example</h1>
<p>
Some text to be localized in the first paragraph. For more information please visit the
<a href=" title="Click here to get an overview about important issues in localization">eCoLoTrain website</a>.
</p>
</div>
<img src="./user.gif" alt="User icon" title="User icon for demonstration" longDesc="This icon shows you how a user in Asia looks like" /><br/><br/>
<b>A form:</b><br/><br/>
<form action="./result.html" method="get" accept-charset="ISO ">
Title: <select name="field0" size="1">
<option value="male">Mr.</option>
<option value="female">Mrs.</option>
</select>
<br/>
Name: <input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/>
Address: <textarea>Type your address here...</textarea><br/>
<input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/><br/>
<input type="button" value="Submit" />
</form>
<div class="bottom">
<a href="#top" title="Top of page">Top</a>
</body>
</html>

24. <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
HTML: Example: DTD
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML localization example file</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO ">
<meta name="author" content="Daniel Zielinski">
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML Software localization Website">
<meta name="description" lang="en" content="This file should give you an example of how complex web page localization can be.">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./ecolotrain.css">
</head>
<body>
<a name="top" />
<div>
<h1>HTML localization Example</h1>
<p>
Some text to be localized in the first paragraph. For more information please visit the
<a href=" title="Click here to get an overview about important issues in localization">eCoLoTrain website</a>.
</p>
</div>
<img src="./user.gif" alt="User icon" title="User icon for demonstration" longDesc="This icon shows you how a user in Asia looks like" /><br/><br/>
<b>A form:</b><br/><br/>
<form action="./result.html" method="get" accept-charset="ISO ">
Title: <select name="field0" size="1">
<option value="male">Mr.</option>
<option value="female">Mrs.</option>
</select>
<br/>
Name: <input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/>
Address: <textarea>Type your address here...</textarea><br/>
<input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/><br/>
<input type="button" value="Submit" />
</form>
<div class="bottom">
<a href="#top" title="Top of page">Top</a>
</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"

25. HTML: Example: Header: TITLE, META, LINK
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML localization example file</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO ">
<meta name="author" content="Daniel Zielinski">
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML Software localization Website">
<meta name="description" lang="en" content="This file should give you an example of how complex web page localization can be.">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./ecolotrain.css">
</head>
<body>
<a name="top" />
<div>
<h1>HTML localization Example</h1>
<p>
Some text to be localized in the first paragraph. For more information please visit the
<a href=" title="Click here to get an overview about important issues in localization">eCoLoTrain website</a>.
</p>
</div>
<img src="./user.gif" alt="User icon" title="User icon for demonstration" longDesc="This icon shows you how a user in Asia looks like" /><br/><br/>
<b>A form:</b><br/><br/>
<form action="./result.html" method="get" accept-charset="ISO ">
Title: <select name="field0" size="1">
<option value="male">Mr.</option>
<option value="female">Mrs.</option>
</select>
<br/>
Name: <input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/>
Address: <textarea>Type your address here...</textarea><br/>
<input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/><br/>
<input type="button" value="Submit" />
</form>
<div class="bottom">
<a href="#top" title="Top of page">Top</a>
</body>
</html>
Header
<title>HTML localization example file</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO ">
<meta name="author" content="Daniel Zielinski">
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML Software localization Website">
<meta name="description" lang="en" content="This file should give you an example of how complex web page localization can be.">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./ecolotrain.css">
Character set
Keywords
Description
Style sheets

26. HTML: Example: Body: H1-6, DIV, P
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML localization example file</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO ">
<meta name="author" content="Daniel Zielinski">
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML Software localization Website">
<meta name="description" lang="en" content="This file should give you an example of how complex web page localization can be.">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./ecolotrain.css">
</head>
<body>
<a name="top" />
<div>
<h1>HTML localization Example</h1>
<p>
Some text to be localized in the first paragraph. For more information please visit the
<a href=" title="Click here to get an overview about important issues in localization">eCoLoTrain website</a>.
</p>
</div>
<img src="./user.gif" alt="User icon" title="User icon for demonstration" longDesc="This icon shows you how a user in Asia looks like" /><br/><br/>
<b>A form:</b><br/><br/>
<form action="./result.html" method="get" accept-charset="ISO ">
Title: <select name="field0" size="1">
<option value="male">Mr.</option>
<option value="female">Mrs.</option>
</select>
<br/>
Name: <input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/>
Address: <textarea>Type your address here...</textarea><br/>
<input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/><br/>
<input type="button" value="Submit" />
</form>
<div class="bottom">
<a href="#top" title="Top of page">Top</a>
</body>
</html>
Body
<div>
<h1>HTML localization Example</h1>
<p>
Some text to be localized in the first paragraph. For more information please visit the <a href=" title="Click here to get an overview about important issues in localization">eCoLoTrain website</a>.
</p>
</div>
Structure tags

27. HTML: Example: A HREF Hyperlinks
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML localization example file</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO ">
<meta name="author" content="Daniel Zielinski">
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML Software localization Website">
<meta name="description" lang="en" content="This file should give you an example of how complex web page localization can be.">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./ecolotrain.css">
</head>
<body>
<a name="top" />
<div>
<h1>HTML localization Example</h1>
<p>
Some text to be localized in the first paragraph. For more information please visit the
<a href=" title="Click here to get an overview about important issues in localization">eCoLoTrain website</a>.
</p>
</div>
<img src="./user.gif" alt="User icon" title="User icon for demonstration" longDesc="This icon shows you how a user in Asia looks like" /><br/><br/>
<b>A form:</b><br/><br/>
<form action="./result.html" method="get" accept-charset="ISO ">
Title: <select name="field0" size="1">
<option value="male">Mr.</option>
<option value="female">Mrs.</option>
</select>
<br/>
Name: <input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/>
Address: <textarea>Type your address here...</textarea><br/>
<input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/><br/>
<input type="button" value="Submit" />
</form>
<div class="bottom">
<a href="#top" title="Top of page">Top</a>
</body>
</html>
Hyperlinks
<a href=" title="Click here to get an overview about important issues in localization">eCoLoTrain website</a>
Link target
Link title
Link text

28. HTML: Example: IMG Graphics
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML localization example file</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO ">
<meta name="author" content="Daniel Zielinski">
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML Software localization Website">
<meta name="description" lang="en" content="This file should give you an example of how complex web page localization can be.">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./ecolotrain.css">
</head>
<body>
<a name="top" />
<div>
<h1>HTML localization Example</h1>
<p>
Some text to be localized in the first paragraph. For more information please visit the
<a href=" title="Click here to get an overview about important issues in localization">eCoLoTrain website</a>.
</p>
</div>
<img src="./user.gif" alt="User icon" title="User icon for demonstration" longDesc="This icon shows you how a user in Asia looks like" /><br/><br/>
<b>A form:</b><br/><br/>
<form action="./result.html" method="get" accept-charset="ISO ">
Title: <select name="field0" size="1">
<option value="male">Mr.</option>
<option value="female">Mrs.</option>
</select>
<br/>
Name: <input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/>
Address: <textarea>Type your address here...</textarea><br/>
<input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/><br/>
<input type="button" value="Submit" />
</form>
<div class="bottom">
<a href="#top" title="Top of page">Top</a>
</body>
</html>
Graphics
<img src="./user.gif" alt="User icon" title="User icon for demonstration" longDesc="This icon shows you how a user in Asia looks like" />
Path
Alt text
Title
Description

29. HTML: Example: FORM, INPUT, TEXTAREA, SELECT
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML localization example file</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO ">
<meta name="author" content="Daniel Zielinski">
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML Software localization Website">
<meta name="description" lang="en" content="This file should give you an example of how complex web page localization can be.">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./ecolotrain.css">
</head>
<body>
<a name="top" />
<div>
<h1>HTML localization Example</h1>
<p>
Some text to be localized in the first paragraph. For more information please visit the
<a href=" title="Click here to get an overview about important issues in localization">eCoLoTrain website</a>.
</p>
</div>
<img src="./user.gif" alt="User icon" title="User icon for demonstration" longDesc="This icon shows you how a user in Asia looks like" /><br/><br/>
<b>A form:</b><br/><br/>
<form action="./result.html" method="get" accept-charset="ISO ">
Title: <select name="field0" size="1">
<option value="male">Mr.</option>
<option value="female">Mrs.</option>
</select>
<br/>
Name: <input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/>
Address: <textarea>Type your address here...</textarea><br/>
<input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/><br/>
<input type="button" value="Submit" />
</form>
<div class="bottom">
<a href="#top" title="Top of page">Top</a>
</body>
</html>
Forms
<b>A form:</b><br/><br/>
<form action="./result.html" method="get" accept-charset="ISO ">
Title: <select name="field0" size="1">
<option value="male">Mr.</option>
<option value="female">Mrs.</option>
</select>
<br/>
Name: <input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/>
Address: <textarea>Type your address here...</textarea><br/>
<input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" /><br/><br/>
<input type="button" value="Submit" />
</form>
Caption
Input fields
Selection fields
Check boxes
Text fields
Buttons

30. HTML: Example: Entities
Specific characters in HTML have special functions, e.g. brackets indicate tags
The following characters have to be escaped in HTML
& with the character string & ("Ampersand")
< with the character string < ("lower than")
> with the character string > ("greater than")
Character strings are referred to as HTML entities
Entities can be also used to escape special characters:
ä (“umlaut“) for ä
szlig; for ß
ç for ç

31. HTML: Example: CSS Formatting body { background-color:#efefef; } div {
font-family: arial;
font-size: 11px;
font-color:#000000;
div.bottom {
margin-top:800px;
form {
background-color:#ffffff;
border-style:solid;
border-color:#d7d7d7;
border-width:1px;
padding:5px;
width: 290px;
img {
background-color:#d7d7d7;
list-style-type:
decimal
lower-roman
upper-roman
lower-alpha oder lower-latin
upper-alpha oder upper-latin
disc
circle
square
Font size
Font family
Font colour
Size specification
List formatting

32. HTML: Example: JavaScript
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML localization example file</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO ">
<meta name="author" content="Daniel Zielinski">
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML Software localization Website">
<meta name="description" lang="en" content="This file should give you an example of how complex web page localization can be.">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./ecolotrain.css">
<script type="text/javascript">
function chkFormular () {
if (document.Hallo.Name.value == "") {
alert("Please tell me your name!");
document.Formular.User.focus();
return false; }
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>HTML localization Example</h1>
</div>
<img src="./user.gif" alt="User icon" title="User icon for demonstration" longDesc="This icon shows you how a user in Asia looks like" /><br/><br/>
<b>A form:</b><br/><br/>
<form name="Hallo" action="" method="GET" accept-charset="ISO " onsubmit="return chkFormular()" >
Title: <select name="field0" size="1">
<option value="male">Mr.</option>
<option value="female">Mrs.</option>
</select>
<br/>
Name: <input name="Name" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" ><br/>
Address: <textarea rows="3" cols="20">Type your address here...</textarea><br/>
<input name="field1" type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" ><br/><br/>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" >
</form>
</body>
</html>
Embedded scripts
<script type="text/javascript">
function chkFormular () {
if (document.Hallo.Name.value == "") {
alert("Please tell me your name!");
document.Formular.User.focus();
return false; }
</script>
<form name="Hallo" action="" method="GET" accept-charset="ISO " onsubmit="return chkFormular()" >

33. HTML: Localization: Challenges
Localization of web pages time-consuming
Hypertext documents
Text, graphics, sound and video files
Style sheets
Scripts
Adaptation of forms
Adaptation of design
Update
Knowledge in different areas needed

34. Separation of content and form Structure: <tags> + text
XML
Open standard for structured representation of contents and its relations
Separation of content and form
Structure: <tags> + text
Free definition of tag names
DTDs and schemas for definition of elements, attributes and attribute values
Specific characters have to be escaped: <  < and > >
Free structure

35. XML: Structure
XML Declaration
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<!DOCTYPE buch SYSTEM "buch.dtd">
<dokument>
<kapitel>
<ueberschrift>Überschrift</ueberschrift>
<absatz id=“1“>
Erster Satz. Zweiter Satz.
</absatz>
<absatz id=“2“>
Ein satz im <fett>zweiten Absatz.</fett>
<!-- Kommentar-Text -->
</kapitel>
</dokument>
DTD/Schema
Description of structure
Determination of allowed elements and attributes
Elements
Opening tags +
closing tags
Attributes
- Attribute names
- Attribute values
Comments
Well-formed XML document: no overlapping tags, all tags closed
Valid XML document: Structure corresponds to DTD/ schema

36. first sentence.. second sentence.
XML: Document view
Heading
First sentence. Second sentence.
A sentence in the second paragraph.
<document>
<chapter>
<heading>Heading</heading>
<paragraph>
First sentence. Second sentence.
</paragraph>
A sentence in the <bold>second paragraph.</bold>
</chapter>
</document>
document
chapter
heading
paragraph
paragraph
heading
first sentence.. second sentence.
a sentence
bold .
second paragraph

37. XML: Data view <resources>
<string id="Dialog.Caption">Info about JavaSample</string>
<string id="Dialog.Label1">JavaSample 1.0</string>
<string id="Dialog.Label2">Copyright (C) 2005</string>
<string id="Dialog.OKButton">OK</string>
</resources>
XML as resource format
resources
string id=Dialog.Caption
string id=Dialog.Label1
string id=Dialog.Label2
string id=Dialog.OKButton
Info about JavaSample
JavaSample 1.0
Copyright (C) 2005 OK

38. XML: Representations XML as resource format
<resources>
<string id="Dialog.Caption">Info about JavaSample</string>
<string id="Dialog.Label1">JavaSample 1.0</string>
<string id="Dialog.Label2">Copyright (C) 2005</string>
<string id="Dialog.OKButton">OK</string>
</resources>
XML as resource format
Several possibilities for structuring XML
<resources>
<string><id>Dialog.Caption</id><data>Info about JavaSample</data></string>
<string <id>Dialog.Label1</id><data>JavaSample 1.0</data></string>
<string <id>Dialog.Label2</id><data>Copyright (C) 2005</data></string>
<string <id>Dialog.OKButton</id><data>OK</data></string>
</resources>
Same information, different structure
<resources>
<string id="Dialog.Caption" data="Info about JavaSample"</string>
<string id="Dialog.Label1" data="JavaSample 1.0"</string>
<string id="Dialog.Label2" data="Copyright (C) 2005"</string>
<string id="Dialog.OKButton" data="OK"</string>
</resources>
Texts in attribute fields, empty elements
<resources>
<Dialog.Caption>Info about JavaSample</Dialog.Caption>
<Dialog.Label1>JavaSample 1.0</Dialog.Label1>
<Dialog.Label2>Copyright (C) 2005</Dialog.Label2>
<Dialog.OKButton>OK</Dialog.OKButton>
</resources>
XML?

39. XML: Complex files XML as resource format
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<stringlist>
<region xml:lang="en">
<group type="error">
<string id="2000">
<text>Cannot open file!</text>
</string>
<string id="2001">
<text>Not enough memory to perform operation. Close one or more applications.</text>
</group>
<group type="message">
<string id="3000">
<text>Do you want to close the application?</text>
<alt-trans>
<trans>Wollen Sie die Anwendung schliessen?</trans>
<trans>Soll die Anwendung beendet werden?</trans>
</alt-trans>
<string id="3002">
<text>%1 files have been deleted.</text>
<group type="debug">
<string id="4000">
<text>%1: Flags %2, Ref %3</text>
<string id="4001">
<text>DBG: filehandle %1, openflags %2</text>
</region>
<region xml:lang="de">
<text>Datei kann nicht geöffnet werden!</text>
<text>Nicht genügend Speicher, um Aktion durchzuführen. Schließen Sie eine oder mehrere Anwendungen.</text>
</stringlist>
XML as resource format

40. XML: Complex Files: Localizable elements
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<stringlist>
<region xml:lang="en">
<group type="error">
<string id="2000">
<text>Cannot open file!</text>
</string>
<string id="2001">
<text>Not enough memory to perform operation. Close one or more applications.</text>
</group>
<group type="message">
<string id="3000">
<text>Do you want to close the application?</text>
<alt-trans>
<trans>Wollen Sie die Anwendung schliessen?</trans>
<trans>Soll die Anwendung beendet werden?</trans>
</alt-trans>
<string id="3002">
<text>%1 files have been deleted.</text>
<group type="debug">
<string id="4000">
<text>%1: Flags %2, Ref %3</text>
<string id="4001">
<text>DBG: filehandle %1, openflags %2</text>
</region>
<region xml:lang="de">
<text>Datei kann nicht geöffnet werden!</text>
<text>Nicht genügend Speicher, um Aktion durchzuführen. Schließen Sie eine oder mehrere Anwendungen.</text>
</stringlist>
XML as resource format

41. XML: Complex Files: IDs
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<stringlist>
<region xml:lang="en">
<group type="error">
<string id="2000">
<text>Cannot open file!</text>
</string>
<string id="2001">
<text>Not enough memory to perform operation. Close one or more applications.</text>
</group>
<group type="message">
<string id="3000">
<text>Do you want to close the application?</text>
<alt-trans>
<trans>Wollen Sie die Anwendung schliessen?</trans>
<trans>Soll die Anwendung beendet werden?</trans>
</alt-trans>
<string id="3002">
<text>%1 files have been deleted.</text>
<group type="debug">
<string id="4000">
<text>%1: Flags %2, Ref %3</text>
<string id="4001">
<text>DBG: filehandle %1, openflags %2</text>
</region>
<region xml:lang="de">
<text>Datei kann nicht geöffnet werden!</text>
<text>Nicht genügend Speicher, um Aktion durchzuführen. Schließen Sie eine oder mehrere Anwendungen.</text>
</stringlist>
XML as resource format
Update
Alignment

42. XML: Complex Files: Bilingual contents
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<stringlist>
<region xml:lang="en">
<group type="error">
<string id="2000">
<text>Cannot open file!</text>
</string>
<string id="2001">
<text>Not enough memory to perform operation. Close one or more applications.</text>
</group>
<group type="message">
<string id="3000">
<text>Do you want to close the application?</text>
<alt-trans>
<trans>Wollen Sie die Anwendung schliessen?</trans>
<trans>Soll die Anwendung beendet werden?</trans>
</alt-trans>
<string id="3002">
<text>%1 files have been deleted.</text>
<group type="debug">
<string id="4000">
<text>%1: Flags %2, Ref %3</text>
<string id="4001">
<text>DBG: filehandle %1, openflags %2</text>
</region>
<region xml:lang="de">
<text>Datei kann nicht geöffnet werden!</text>
<text>Nicht genügend Speicher, um Aktion durchzuführen. Schließen Sie eine oder mehrere Anwendungen.</text>
</stringlist>
XML as resource format

43. XML: Complex Files: Resource grouping
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<stringlist>
<region xml:lang="en">
<group type="error">
<string id="2000">
<text>Cannot open file!</text>
</string>
<string id="2001">
<text>Not enough memory to perform operation. Close one or more applications.</text>
</group>
<group type="message">
<string id="3000">
<text>Do you want to close the application?</text>
<alt-trans>
<trans>Wollen Sie die Anwendung schliessen?</trans>
<trans>Soll die Anwendung beendet werden?</trans>
</alt-trans>
<string id="3002">
<text>%1 files have been deleted.</text>
<group type="debug">
<string id="4000">
<text>%1: Flags %2, Ref %3</text>
<string id="4001">
<text>DBG: filehandle %1, openflags %2</text>
</region>
<region xml:lang="de">
<text>Datei kann nicht geöffnet werden!</text>
<text>Nicht genügend Speicher, um Aktion durchzuführen. Schließen Sie eine oder mehrere Anwendungen.</text>
</stringlist>
XML as resource format

44. XML: Complex Files: Meta information
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<stringlist>
<region xml:lang="en">
<group type="error">
<string id="2000">
<text>Cannot open file!</text>
</string>
<string id="2001">
<text>Not enough memory to perform operation. Close one or more applications.</text>
</group>
<group type="message">
<string id="3000">
<text>Do you want to close the application?</text>
<alt-trans>
<trans>Wollen Sie die Anwendung schliessen?</trans>
<trans>Soll die Anwendung beendet werden?</trans>
</alt-trans>
<string id="3002">
<text>%1 files have been deleted.</text>
<group type="debug">
<string id="4000">
<text>%1: Flags %2, Ref %3</text>
<string id="4001">
<text>DBG: filehandle %1, openflags %2</text>
</region>
<region xml:lang="de">
<text>Datei kann nicht geöffnet werden!</text>
<text>Nicht genügend Speicher, um Aktion durchzuführen. Schließen Sie eine oder mehrere Anwendungen.</text>
</stringlist>
XML as resource format

45. Localization with TMs or software localization tools
XML: Localization
Localization with TMs or software localization tools
XML+DTD needed for translation
Often complicated localization because of changing structures
 Difficult to define localizable elements

46. Meta localization formats
Resource formats which can contain information on different resource formats and additional information
Reasons for mixing resource formats:
Parallel use of different development environments => resources in different resource formats (.po)
Minimization of the number of different localization formats in workflow => use of meta formats (XLIFF)

47. Differences between localization formats:
XLIFF: Context
Differences between localization formats:
Structure
Use of character sets
Placeables
Escape sequences
Formatting
Relief of localizers
Idea of a consistent localization format independent of specific localization tools

48. XML localization Interchange File Format Open standard XML format
XLIFF
XML localization Interchange File Format
Open standard
XML format
Description in form of a Schema
Bilingual approach
Most important element <trans-unit> contains in <source> the information to be localized and in <target> the translation
Possible inclusion of additional information
Use as native localization format (e.g. in Macromedia Flash)

49. XLIFF
01 <?xml version="1.0"?>
02 <xliff version='1.1'>
03 <file datatype='winres' source-language='en' target-language='de'>
04 <body>
<group id = '1' restype = 'menu' resname = '1'>
<trans-unit id = '1' restype = 'menupopup' style = '0x10' ts = '0'>
<source>&File</source>
<target>&Datei</target>
</trans-unit>
<group restype = 'popup'>
<trans-unit id = '2' resname = '9' restype = 'menuentry' ts = '1'>
<source>&New</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '3' resname = '10' restype = 'menuentry' ts = '1'>
<source>&Open...</source>
</trans-unit>
</group>
<trans-unit id = '11' restype = 'menupopup' style = '0x10' ts = '0'>
<source>&Edit</source>
</trans-unit>
<group restype = 'popup'>
<trans-unit id = '12' resname = '25' restype = 'menuentry' ts = '1'>
<source>&Undo Ctrl+Z</source>
</trans-unit>
</group>
</group>
</group>
<group id = '2' restype = 'dialog' coord = '#;#;90;64' font='MS Sans Serif;8;0'>
<trans-unit id = '30' restype = 'caption'>
<source>Notepad</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '31' resname = '2' restype = 'button' coord = '29;44;32;14'>
<source>Cancel</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '32' resname = '65535' restype = 'static' coord = '0;8;90;8'>
<source>Now Printing</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '33' resname = '20' restype = 'static' coord = '0;18;90;8'>
<source></source>
</trans-unit>
</group>
42 </body>
43 </file>
44 </xliff>
<trans-unit id = '1' restype = 'menupopup' style = '0x10' ts = '0'>
<source>&File</source>
<target>&Datei</target>
</trans-unit>

50. XLIFF: <group>-Element
01 <?xml version="1.0"?>
02 <xliff version='1.1'>
03 <file datatype='winres' source-language='en' target-language='de'>
04 <body>
<group id = '1' restype = 'menu' resname = '1'>
<trans-unit id = '1' restype = 'menupopup' style = '0x10' ts = '0'>
<source>&File</source>
<target>&Datei</target>
</trans-unit>
<group restype = 'popup'>
<trans-unit id = '2' resname = '9' restype = 'menuentry' ts = '1'>
<source>&New</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '3' resname = '10' restype = 'menuentry' ts = '1'>
<source>&Open...</source>
</trans-unit>
</group>
<trans-unit id = '11' restype = 'menupopup' style = '0x10' ts = '0'>
<source>&Edit</source>
</trans-unit>
<group restype = 'popup'>
<trans-unit id = '12' resname = '25' restype = 'menuentry' ts = '1'>
<source>&Undo Ctrl+Z</source>
</trans-unit>
</group>
</group>
</group>
<group id = '2' restype = 'dialog' coord = '#;#;90;64' font='MS Sans Serif;8;0'>
<trans-unit id = '30' restype = 'caption'>
<source>Notepad</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '31' resname = '2' restype = 'button' coord = '29;44;32;14'>
<source>Cancel</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '32' resname = '65535' restype = 'static' coord = '0;8;90;8'>
<source>Now Printing</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '33' resname = '20' restype = 'static' coord = '0;18;90;8'>
<source></source>
</trans-unit>
</group>
42 </body>
43 </file>
44 </xliff>
<group id = '1' restype = 'menu' resname = '1'>
<trans-unit id = '1' restype = 'menupopup' style = '0x10' ts = '0'>
<source>&File</source>
<target>&Datei</target>
</trans-unit>
<group restype = 'popup'>
<trans-unit id = '2' resname = '9' restype = 'menuentry' ts = '1'>
<source>&New</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '3' resname = '10' restype = 'menuentry' ts = '1'>
<source>&Open...</source>
</trans-unit>
</group>
<trans-unit id = '11' restype = 'menupopup' style = '0x10' ts = '0'>
<source>&Edit</source>
</trans-unit>
<group restype = 'popup'>
<trans-unit id = '12' resname = '25' restype = 'menuentry' ts = '1'>
<source>&Undo Ctrl+Z</source>
</trans-unit>
</group>
</group>
Hierarchical structuring defined by <group>-Elements

51. XLIFF: Supporting information
01 <?xml version="1.0"?>
02 <xliff version='1.1'>
03 <file datatype='winres' source-language='en' target-language='de'>
04 <body>
<group id = '1' restype = 'menu' resname = '1'>
<trans-unit id = '1' restype = 'menupopup' style = '0x10' ts = '0'>
<source>&File</source>
<target>&Datei</target>
</trans-unit>
<group restype = 'popup'>
<trans-unit id = '2' resname = '9' restype = 'menuentry' ts = '1'>
<source>&New</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '3' resname = '10' restype = 'menuentry' ts = '1'>
<source>&Open...</source>
</trans-unit>
</group>
<trans-unit id = '11' restype = 'menupopup' style = '0x10' ts = '0'>
<source>&Edit</source>
</trans-unit>
<group restype = 'popup'>
<trans-unit id = '12' resname = '25' restype = 'menuentry' ts = '1'>
<source>&Undo Ctrl+Z</source>
</trans-unit>
</group>
</group>
</group>
<group id = '2' restype = 'dialog' coord = '#;#;90;64' font='MS Sans Serif;8;0'>
<trans-unit id = '30' restype = 'caption'>
<source>Notepad</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '31' resname = '2' restype = 'button' coord = '29;44;32;14'>
<source>Cancel</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '32' resname = '65535' restype = 'static' coord = '0;8;90;8'>
<source>Now Printing</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '33' resname = '20' restype = 'static' coord = '0;18;90;8'>
<source></source>
</trans-unit>
</group>
42 </body>
43 </file>
44 </xliff>
<group id = '2' restype = 'dialog' coord = '#;#;90;64' font='MS Sans Serif;8;0'>
<trans-unit id = '30' restype = 'caption'>
<source>Notepad</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '31' resname = '2' restype = 'button' coord = '29;44;32;14'>
<source>Cancel</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '32' resname = '65535' restype = 'static' coord = '0;8;90;8'>
<source>Now Printing</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '33' resname = '20' restype = 'static' coord = '0;18;90;8'>
<source></source>
</trans-unit>
</group>

52. XLIFF: Alternative translations
01 <?xml version="1.0"?>
02 <xliff version='1.1'>
03 <file datatype='winres' source-language='en' target-language='de'>
04 <body>
<trans-unit id = '1'>
<source>&Options</source>
<alt-trans>
<target>&Extras</target>
<target>&Optionen</target>
</alt-trans>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '2', translate = 'no'>
<source>Copyright XYZ (C) 2004</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '3'>
<source>Find</source>
<note>Do not translate as Suchen</note>
</trans-unit>
20 </body>
21 </file>
22 </xliff>

53. XLIFF: Labels 01 <?xml version="1.0"?>
02 <xliff version='1.1'>
03 <file datatype='winres' source-language='en' target-language='de'>
04 <body>
<trans-unit id = '1'>
<source>&Options</source>
<alt-trans>
<target>&Extras</target>
<target>&Optionen</target>
</alt-trans>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '2', translate = 'no'>
<source>Copyright XYZ (C) 2004</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '3'>
<source>Find</source>
<note>Do not translate as Suchen</note>
</trans-unit>
20 </body>
21 </file>
22 </xliff>

54. XLIFF: Comments 01 <?xml version="1.0"?>
02 <xliff version='1.1'>
03 <file datatype='winres' source-language='en' target-language='de'>
04 <body>
<trans-unit id = '1'>
<source>&Options</source>
<alt-trans>
<target>&Extras</target>
<target>&Optionen</target>
</alt-trans>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '2', translate = 'no'>
<source>Copyright XYZ (C) 2004</source>
</trans-unit>
<trans-unit id = '3'>
<source>Find</source>
<note>Do not translate as Suchen</note>
</trans-unit>
20 </body>
21 </file>
22 </xliff>

55. Typical localization workflow without XLIFF
XLIFF: Workflows
Typical localization workflow without XLIFF
Source:

56. Localization workflow with XLIFF
XLIFF: Workflows
Localization workflow with XLIFF
Source:

57. Automated localization workflow with XLIFF and CAT tools
XLIFF: Workflows
Automated localization workflow with XLIFF and CAT tools
Source:

58. // Goodbye. php if ($you == “tired“) {. $action = “patience“; } else {
// Goodbye.php if ($you == “tired“) { $action = “patience“; } else { $action = “attention“; } print “Thank you for your $action“; exit;