1. The Power Flow Problem Scott Norr For EE 4501 April, 2015

2. Electric Concepts Ohm’s Law: V = IR (V = IZ) Kirchoff: KCL: ∑ i = 0 (at any node) ∑ V = 0 (on closed path) Power: P = VI (S = VI*) = V 2 /R = I 2 R NOTE: i means electric current, j 2 = -1

3. Previously: DC Circuits (RI=V) Resistance Matrix

4. AC Circuits: Phasor Analysis ZI = V (Thanks to Euler, Steinmetz) Impedance Matrix

5. DC Power: All electrical systems naturally seek an equilibrium point of lowest entropy Important to recognize that P ᴕ V 2 (try to find the proportional symbol in powerpoint sometime…..)

6. AC Power The complex power, S = VI* = P + jQ P is the average power (“real” power) in watts, attributable to resistive loads Q is the reactive power (“imaginary” power) in VAr, attributable to capacitive and inductive loads

7. The Power Problem: On AC power systems, we don’t pre- determine the phase angles on the sources, they are determined by the system (additional unknowns to solve for!) Power is injected into nodes in the system via sources and is removed at nodes via loads (consumption points) Additionally, power is lost in the network

8. Consider an Example: 3 Node System

9. Unknowns: At each bus (node) there are 4 parameters: P, Q, V and Ө There are three types of buses: – Load Buses: P, Q are known, V, Ө are unknown – Generator Buses: P, V are known, Q, Ө are unknown – Slack Bus: (unique) V, Ө are known, P, Q unknown (this special generator node is allowed to accumulate errors in the iterative solution of the system of equations) So, for N nodes, 2N unknown node parameters

10. Balancing Power at Each Node: ∑Si = o S G -S L = V i ∑I p * S G -S L = V i ∑V p *Y p * Can separate the real (P) from the imaginary (Q)to form two equations at each Bus A system of 2N equations Sparse, largely diagonalized matrices

11. Solve for Node Voltages and Angles: V i new = (1/Y ii )(S i /V iold - ∑V p *Y p *) An iterative process, involving an initial starting estimate and convergence to a pre- determined tolerance. This is called the Gauss-Seidel Solution Method

12. A better Method: For analytic, complex differentiable systems, can compute the low order terms of the Taylor series and solve using Netwon’s method. In two variables, an iterative approach: f 1 (x,y) = K = f(x o + Δx o, y o + Δy o ) g 1 (x,y) = L = g(x o + Δx o, y o + Δy o ) Computing the Taylor Series, and truncating it yields an equation exploiting a Jacobian matrix

13. Newton – Raphson Solution:

14. Conclusions: Powerflow Software is used by every electric utility in the world. Many models contain 10,000 nodes or more. There are quite a few solution techniques that are more efficient than the G-S and N-R methods outlined here: Fast-Decoupled N-R – decouples P,O from Q,V and solves the two, smaller systems Interior Point Newton - calculates a Hessian Mtx!

15. PowerWorld Simulator

16. References: Stevenson, William D., Elements of Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1982 Tylavsky, Daniel, Lecture Notes #19, EEE 574, Arizona State University, 1999 PowerWorld Simulator, www.powerworld.com,2014