1. INFORMATION SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Computer Science - Higher

2. INFORMATION SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Structures and links (database) National 5 database structure: flat file, linked tables, primary keys and foreign keys field types (text, number, date, time, graphic, object, calculated, link, Boolean) validation (including presence check, restricted choice, field length and range) database operations search, sort (on multiple fields) good design to avoid data duplication and modification errors (insert, delete, update)

3. INFORMATION SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Higher database structures: relational primary keys, including compound keys relationships (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many) complex database operations (including queries, forms, reports, calculating

4. DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS

6. RELATIONAL DATABASES relations that hold multi-valued cells contain repeating data items and where there are one or more of these items they are referred to, collectively, as a repeating group.

7. COMPOUND KEYS In this case we can’t use surname on it’s own as there are three people called Kelly We cant even use First Name and Second Name as there are 2 Connor Kellys We have to have a compound key that would include First Name, Second Name and Date of Birth to uniquely identify each one.

8. SURROGATE KEYS The common sense solution to this issue is using Surrogate Keys. The surrogate key is the SQA number as it is unique for each row and has no connection with the actual data. Other examples of surrogate keys – Passport Number, National Insurance Number, SQA Number.

9. NEED FOR RELATIONAL DATABASES NameYearDate of Birth House Group Guidance Teacher House Colour Conor Kelly 430/2/99MorvenMrs LeitchRed Jade Stevenson 221/2/01MorvenMrs LeitchRed Courtney Smith 34/3/00MorvenMrs LeitchRed Adam Love625/12/97MorvenMrs LeitchRed

10. SOLUTION Pupil IDNameYearDate of BirthHouse Group* 36876Conor Kelly430/2/99Morven 85320Jade Stevenson 221/2/01Morven 56907Courtney Smith 34/3/00Morven 25935Adam Love625/12/97Morven House GroupGuidance TeacherHouse Colour MorvenMrs LeitchRed

11. ERD House Group Pupil

12. ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAMS

15. ONE TO ONE Each pupil has their own individual locker which is used by them alone

16. ONE TO MANY Each doctor has many patients but each patient only sees their own doctor

17. MANY TO MANY There are many basketball teams in the league Each player is free to play for more than one team Each player must be linked to at least 1 team Each team must have at least 1 player

18. IMPLEMENTATION IN ACCESS - QUERIES Simple query – Search on only1 field

19. IMPLEMENTATION IN ACCESS - QUERIES Complex query – Search on more than1 field

20. IMPLEMENTATION IN ACCESS – QUERIES, USING TOTALS Using the totals

21. IMPLEMENTATION IN ACCESS – QUERIES, USING TOTALS Same query without using the sum function

22. IMPLEMENTATION IN ACCESS – QUERIES, USING TOTALS Other than Sum the following functions can also be used

23. IMPLEMENTATION IN ACCESS –USING FORMS

24. Forms allow inexperienced users to input data Clicking on the box will open a query by using the Macro on the right

25. IMPLEMENTATION IN ACCESS – REPORTS Reports provide summarised information for Managers in a format

26. STRUCTURES AND LINKS - WEB BASED TOPICS NATIONAL 5 webpage, page, URL hyperlink (internal, external), relative absolute addressing navigation web browsers and search engines good design to aid navigation, usability and acccessibility HIGHER site structure : multilevel page structure, including: head, title, body Cascading style sheets Meta Tags dynamic web pages, database-driven website interactive web page

27. HTML – TAGS YOU NEED TO KNOW,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Visit W3Schools http://www.w3schools.com/html/

28. HIGHER - HTML & SCRIPTING LANGUAGES HTML - used to code web pages using a variety of tags Scripting Languages - add functionality and interactive features, validate data and access the data behind database-driven websites They are also used in databases to create Macros

29. HTML Used to create web pages HyperText Markup Language Drawback of HTML – it is only a mark up language Does not have variables, loops, IF statements, arithmetical or logical operators.

30. NEW TAGS FOR HTML5 New semantic elements like,,, and. New form controls like number, date, time, calendar, and range. New graphic elements: and. New multimedia elements: and.

31. TAG Inline elements

32. TAG Block elements

33. CREATE YOUR OWN TAGS

34. CSS Cascading Style Sheets provide the format and style for a web site in a standard way This code will set all text on the page to Verdana

35. CSS TASK

36. CSS THEORY Create a style rule for the following H2 { Font-family : Arial; Font – size : 12px; Color; red; Font-weight ; bold } TextFontColourStyleSize HeadingsArialRedBold12

37. CSS SELECTORS The element selector defines everything in that tag Paragraph in this case p { font-family: Verdana; color: blue; }

38. CSS SELECTORS The id selector, this will be applied to any html called #para1 #para1 { font-family: Verdana; color: blue; }

39. CSS SELECTORS Class selectors set the layout whenever the class is selected, anywhere in the document.

40. INTERNAL, INLINE, & EXTERNAL STYLESHEETS Internal style sheet will set the definition for an html tag in a single sheet

41. INTERNAL, INLINE, & EXTERNAL STYLESHEETS Inline only affects the contents of the individual line

42. INTERNAL, INLINE, & EXTERNAL STYLESHEETS An external style sheet is created e.g. and saved as test.css body{ background-color: gray;} p { color: blue; } h3{ color: white; }

43. INTERNAL, INLINE, & EXTERNAL STYLESHEETS Save an html file in the same folder with the code A White Header This paragraph has a blue font. The background color of this page is gray because we changed it with CSS!

44. INTERNAL, INLINE, & EXTERNAL STYLESHEETS PRECEDENCE Priority Inline Internal External

45. META TAGS All our wooden furniture is water proof. Visit our showroom on weekdays from 9 to 5...

46. META TAGS Keywords which feature in the tag. allows search engines to match website to searches Web designers have to anticipate have to anticipate the types of key words users will use.

47. DATABASE DRIVEN WEBSITE all information is stored in a databases on the server, script generates pages that are shown on the site.

48. MEDIA TYPES National 5 text: txt, rtf audio: wav, mp3 graphics: jpeg, bmp, gif, png video: mpeg, avi spreadsheet: xls, csv, xml Pdf Factors affecting file size and quality, including resolution, colour depth, sampling rate. Calculation of file size for colour bitmap. Need for compression

49. MEDIA TYPES Higher Compression: lossy and lossless compression techniques applied to: sound graphic video

50. CALCULATION OF THE SIZE OF A PHOTOGRAPH Problem Wiktoria has bought a 12 Gigabyte flash card. She takes 4 inch by 6 inch photographs with a resolution of 1024 dpi and using 24-bit colour depth. Calculate the maximum number of photographs which can be stored on this card. Show all working.

51. CALCULATION OF THE SIZE OF A PHOTOGRAPH Calculate the number of pixels = 4 * 6 * 1024 * 1024 This equals 25165824 Multiply by 24 when you include 24 bit colour This is equal to 603979776 bits Now we convert into bytes by dividing by 8 This equals 75497472 bytes Now divide by 1024 to convert into Kilobytes This equals 73728 Kb Now divide by 1024 to convert into Megabytes This equals 72 Megabytes

52. CALCULATION OF THE SIZE OF A PHOTOGRAPH Calculate the number of pixels = 4 * 6 * 1024 * 1024 This equals 25165824 Multiply by 24 when you include 24 bit colour This is equal to 603979776 bits Now we convert into bytes by dividing by 8 This equals 75497472 bytes Now divide by 1024 to convert into Kilobytes This equals 73728 Kb Now divide by 1024 to convert into Megabytes This equals 72 Megabytes

53. COMPRESSION Lossy and lossless compression techniques, applied to sound graphic video

54. LOSSY AND LOSSLESS COMPRESSION Type of Compression BenefitsDrawbacksFile Types LossySignificant reduction in file size Some loss in quality JPEG MP3 MP4 LosslessLess reduction in file size No loss in qualityPNG TIFF MPEG

55. SAMPLING SOUNDS – TYPICAL SOUND FILE

56. SAMPLING SOUNDS This is too low a rate as it will not pick up all of the sounds

57. SAMPLING SOUNDS This is at 44,100 samples per second. This ensures it is far more accurate reflection of the actual sound of the song

58. HOW DOES IT WORK? It takes advantage of the imperfect nature of the human ear Helps to identify (and discard) unimportant parts of the music: there are frequencies humans can't hear, there are frequencies humans distinguish better than others when two sounds play at the same time, we hear the louder sound rather than the softer one.

59. SAMPLING PICTURES https://vimeo.com/46248066

60. VIDEO COMPRESSION http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TrRg0xa4JQA

61. CODING National 5 Exemplification and implementation of coding to create and modify information systems including the use of: scripting languages (including JavaScript) mark-up languages (including HTML)

62. CODING Higher Exemplification and implementation of coding to create and modify information systems including the use of: scripting (database/web pages) client-side scripting server-side scripting optimisation (web search (crawlers) and efficiency of coding)

63. CLIENT SIDE AND SERVER SIDE COMPARISON

64. EXAMPLES OF CLIENT SIDE SCRIPTING http://mikekus.com/ http://hellomonday.com/ http://multeor.com/game/ http://crimetimeline.io/ http://hereistoday.com/

65. THE RULES OF CASCADING STYLESHEETS STATE THAT: embedded styles within the text over-rule all others document level styles, defined in the document, over- rule external Stylesheets external stylesheets only apply if they are not over- ruled by the other 2 methods

66. CASCADING STYLE SHEETS A cascading stylesheet (CSS) is a separate file which defines colours, fonts and sizes to be used on web pages. A reference to this file is included within every web page in a website. This ensures that each page is consistent in format.

69. WEBSITES FOR JAVASCRIPT Codeacademy W3C for schools

70. JAVASCRIPT Allows user interaction User validation possible Page content can be customised based on time, browser, location Javascript blocks popups Used for menus and galleries

71. FORM VALIDATION Need for validation Simple VBS validation script Mailto: Problems with Mailto: CGI_bin Alert messages

72. POPUP BLOCK CODE - EXAMPLE OF JAVASCRIPT

73. PHP Future development Web server processing of hyper text MySQL Cookies and databases

74. CLIENT SIDE SCRIPTING (INCLUDING FORM VALIDATION AND ALERTS). Server-side scripting is a web server technology in which a user’s request is fulfilled by running a script directly on the web server to generate dynamic HTML pages

76. FACEBOOK DATABASE

77. PHP IN ACTION W3 schools php

79. CLIENT SIDE SCRIPTING JavaScript VBScript Compare JavaScript and VBScript Need for client side scripting Document.Write command Document.Cookie command

80. CRAWLERS Search engines use programs called ‘bots’ or ‘spiders’ or ‘web crawlers’ Googlebot is Google’s web crawler https://www.google.co.uk/insidesearch/howsearchworks/thestory/ Yahoo’s is called Yahoo!Slurp. http://blogs.bing.com/search/2014/04/21/predictions-with-bing/ These programs scan web servers for new pages and send the information back to the main database. This is how Search engines work. When you search, you are going through their database to find relevant pages. http://patch.com/connecticut/orange/the-differences-between-google--bing-seo-algorithms

81. SEARCH ENGINES - OCTOBER 2015

82. SECURITY PRECAUTIONS National 5 anti-virus software, passwords/encryption, biometrics, security protocols and firewalls, use of security suites. Higher Encryption, digital certificates and signatures, server-side validation of online form data, biometrics in industry

83. BROWSERS HTML interpretation – X Ray goggles client side scripting - http://www.w3schools.com/js/default.asp cookie functions - http://www.w3schools.com/js/js_cookies.asp built in encryption functions - http://www.w3schools.com/php/func_string_crypt.asp

84. COOKIES

85. ENCRYPTION –SYMMETRIC key distribution problem

86. SUBMISSION FORM

87. BIOMETRICS IN INDUSTRY

88. SYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION – PUTTING THE DATA INTO CODE A = D B = E C = F Plus 3 encryption

89. ENCRYPTION –ASYMMETRIC The person who will receive the data decides on a private key The RSA algorithm generates a public key which will be used to encrypt the message it is mathematically (almost) impossible to calculate the private key from the public key.

90. PGP – X SEND Y A MESSAGE 1.PGP first compresses the message - harder to decode the message 2.PGP then creates a session key, which is a one-time-only secret key 3.session key itself is encrypted using Y’s public key. 4.AXcrypt

91. PGP – Y RECEIVES THE MESSAGE 1. Y’s copy of PGP uses his or her private key to decrypt the temporary session key. 2. PGP then uses the session key to decrypt the encrypted Message. This is the most secure and quickest means of encryption

92. ENCRYPTION IN ACTION

94. SECURE SOCKETS LAYER Implemented by browsers

95. FIREWALLS (SECURITY RISKS)

96. The firewall software can be set up to: reject packets from selected IP addresses (for example, blocking inappropriate sites) allow only packets from selected sites reject or allow packets from particular domain names only allow packets to and from certain ports (a useful defence against many viruses) allow or reject packets using particular protocols (for example, blocking all FTP requests) "sniff" packets, and reject any which contain certain words

97. TESTING National 5 links and navigation matches user interface design Higher Beta testing usability compatibility issues (including memory and storage requirements, OS compatibility)

98. BETA TESTING The intended end users are asked to test the software, they are from outwith the software development company.

99. USABILITY TESTING This involves testing software applications like websites and programmes using a real life test group using scenarios which accurately reflect the types of tasks the software is expected to perform.

100. COMPATIBILITY When developing an Information System the developers must ensure it can run on the types of devices users own. Issue can be RAM Storage Requirements Operating System

101. PURPOSE, FEATURES, FUNCTIONALITY, USERS National 5 Description of purpose Users: expert, novice, age-range Higher detailed descriptions of purpose Interaction of information systems with: human users: expert, novice, age-range other software: search engines

102. INFORMATION SYSTEM PURPOSE Before the start of the design process the specific purpose of the information system must be defined. This includes data design architecture design interface design procedural design

103. NOVICE, EXPERT, AGE RANGES Expert users – prefer to use key board short cuts while novice users require menus and detailed explanations.

104. AGE RANGE Certain pieces of information systems are specifically aimed at certain users

105. SEARCH ENGINES

106. SEARCH ENGINES - BAIDU

107. BROWSERS

108. TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION (HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS) National 5 input and output devices processor type and speed (Hz) memory (RAM, ROM) device type (including supercomputer, desktop, portable devices including laptop, tablet, smartphone

109. TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION (HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS) input and output devices processor type, number and speed (Hz) memory (RAM, ROM, cache) device type (including desktop, laptop, tablet, smartphone)

110. TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION (SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS) National 5 web browsers specific applications and/or utilities Higher operating systems licensing proprietary versus open source portability Description and exemplification of current trends in operating system design

111. OPERATING SYSTEMS Manages the hardware and software of the computer system File Management Memory Management Input / Output Management

112. LICENSING Single License – one use only Multiple License – more than one person Site License – allows everyone in the business access to the software. Freeware – distributed free of charge Shareware – Trial version given for 30-60 days.

113. PORTABILITY Software designers have to ensure that their software can be used on as many different devices as possible. Helps maximise sales as it can run on different operating systems.

114. CURRENT TRENDS IN OS Operating systems have been redesigned to deal with touchscreen technology. Simpler icon based design Complex tasks like graphic editing and web design are still better done using a mouse and keyboard.

115. TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION (STORAGE) National 5 local, web cloud capacity (in appropriate units) rewritable, read-only interface type data transfer speed Storage devices: built-in, external, portable, magnetic, optical, solid state

116. TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION (STORAGE) Higher distributed and offline storage backup systems and strategy capacity (in appropriate units) rewritable, read-only interface type data transfer speed Storage devices: built-in, external magnetic, optical, solid state. Description and exemplification of current trends in storage Systems

117. DISTRIBUTED AND OFFLINE STORAGE Distributed – Data is stored in a number of different servers usually different offices but can be accessed by all users in separate locations Offline – Storage devices like CD ROMs, DVDs, USB Drives etc.

118. CENTRALISED AND DISTRIBUTED DATABASES Centralised database. All the data is held on a central computer- mainframe or server. Advantages. far easier to manage and control far easier to back up

119. CENTRALISED AND DISTRIBUTED DATABASES Distributed Database. Consists of two or more files located at different sites on a computer network. different users can access it without interfering with one another. The DBMS must synchronise the scattered databases to make sure they all have consistent data.

120. BACKUP SYSTEMS AND STRATEGY Every computer user should have a strategy in place to backup their data. This is the process of making a copy of data stored on fixed hard disks to some other media. This can be tape, external portable hard disks, writeable CD-ROM, DVD or to the cloud This ensures that the most recent copy of the data can be recovered and restored in the event of data loss.

121. MOST COMMON REASONS FOR DATA LOSS 1. Deleting files accidentally 2. Viruses and damaging malware 3. Mechanical damages of hard drive 4. Power failures 5. Theft of computer 6. Spilling coffee, and other water damages 7. Fire accidents and explosions

122. ARCHIVE, RECOVERY AND STORAGE METHODS Archive. The process of copying data from hard disk drives to tape or other media for long-term storage. Data verification. it is important to check that the data stored on the backup media can be recovered. Frequency and Version Control. Full back up – all the existing data Differential backup – only the data since the last full backup is stored Incremental backup – saves only the data changed since the last backup of any type

123. GRANDFATHER, FATHER, SON

124. TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION (NETWORKING/CONNECTIVITY) National 5 peer-to-peer, client/server, wired, optical, wireless Higher Cloud systems and server provision: public, private, hybrid cloud-based services web hosting current trends in networking and connectivity

125. CLOUD SYSTEMS Data and software operate on the web rather than a local computer. User can access their documents from anywhere.

126. SERVER PROVISION: PUBLIC, PRIVATE, HYBRID AND CLOUD-BASED SERVICES Public Cloud – available to anyone either free or for a fee

127. PRIVATE AND HYBRID CLOUDS Private are based only within an organisation but still stored in the cloud. Hybrid is a mixture of the public and private systems

128. WEB HOSTS Companies which, for a fee, allow the owners of websites to store a website which can then be viewed on the WWW

129. NETWORKING AND CONNECTIVITY LAN WAN Intranet Internet 3G 4G Wifi

130. SECURITY RISKS National 5/Higher spyware, phishing, keylogging online fraud, identity theft DOS (Denial of Service) attacks

131. SPYWARE Software that can obtain information from a users computer without them being aware of it.

132. PHISHING

133. KEYLOGGING Software which records every keystroke on a PC

134. ONLINE FRAUD

135. DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS Attempt to make a computer network unavailable to its users. This can be done by bombarding the server with requests for information until the server can longer cope with amount of traffic.

136. LEGAL IMPLICATIONS Computer Misuse Act, Data Protection Act, Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (plagiarism), Health and Safety regulations, Communication Act Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act

137. 137 LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS The Data Protection Act 1998 Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 The Freedom of Information Act (Scotland) 2002 Health and safety Regulations

138. COMPUTER MISUSE ACT It is illegal to 1. Unauthorised access to computer material. 2. Unauthorised access with intent to commit or facilitate commission of further offences. 3.Unauthorised acts with intent to impair, or with recklessness as to impairing, operation of computer, etc. 3A.Making, supplying or obtaining articles for use in offence under section 1 or 3

139. 139 THE 1998 DATA PROTECTION ACT The 8 Data Protection Principles. Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully. Personal data shall be obtained only for lawful purposes, Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive. Personal data shall be accurate and, kept up to date. Personal data shall not be kept for longer than is necessary. Personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects. Appropriate measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of data. Personal data shall not be transferred to a country outside Europe. Data must be registered with the Data Commissioner.

140. 140 THE 1998 DATA PROTECTION ACT Unconditional exemptions. Data related to National Security. Data which by law has to be made public (e.g. voters’ roll). Data held by the Police and National Health Service. conditional exemptions. mailing lists (names and addresses). data used for calculating and paying wages. information used for club memberships. data used by a data subject at home.

141. 141 THE 1998 DATA PROTECTION ACT Rights of Data Subjects. To see any personal data stored either electronically or manually about them. The Data controller may ask that a small fee be paid to cover their costs in providing the data. To have their data corrected if it is inaccurate. To prevent their data being used by companies to send them junk mail. Responsibilities of Data Users. Have to register with the Data Protection Registrar if they wished to hold personal information about data subjects. They must be willing to let data subjects see data held about them, but must amend any false data without charge. Data Users must also be willing to remove subjects’ names and addresses from mailing lists if asked to.

142. 142 THE 1998 DATA PROTECTION ACT Changes From 1984 Act. The 1984 DPA had certain shortcomings. only covered data in electronic form. companies could circumvent certain provisions. It had no European or worldwide dimension. there was no obligation on any data user to tell the data subject that they held any data about them. The 1998 Act. covers the transmission of data in electronic form, which was not really an issue in 1984. harmonised the European Union Data Protection legislation. It also made it a requirement of the Act to ask for the prior consent of data subjects to have data held about them, and included paper based records.

143. 143 COPYRIGHT, DESIGNS & PATENTS ACT Software Licensing. Software can be legally installed on as many computers as the licence allows. Shareware can be used legally for 30 days then either paid for or deleted. Freeware can be downloaded and used free of charge. Computer Applications. Databases can store vast amounts of copyright data. Act covers extracts from computer databases. Plagiarism to copy work directly from the Web. Music downloads must be paid for and copyright checked. Software piracy a crime - FAST.

144. 144 THE REGULATION OF INVESTIGATORY POWERS ACT 2000 Gives powers to:-. Police, Special Branch, GCHQ and MI5. It allows organisations to monitor employees, e-mail and Web usage. It also provides powers to help combat the threat posed by rising criminal use of strong encryption to try to break into electronic transactions. The Act contains 5 parts. allows the authorities to monitor our personal e-mail and Internet usage. businesses, local authorities and government departments can and do monitor internal e-mails, monitor Internet usage of staff, students and pupils. sounds very “Big Brother.” May enrage and disturb many people to realise this. When terrorists can be anywhere in our society it may be a relief to know that the authorities are taking such steps to catch them.

145. 145 THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (SCOTLAND) 2002 From 1 st January 2005. General right of public access to all types of 'recorded' information held by public authorities. sets out exemptions from that general right. places a number of obligations on public authorities. The Act applies only to 'public authorities' and not to private entities. Public authorities include Government Departments, local authorities and many other public bodies, and also schools, colleges and universities. The Act will be enforced by the Scottish Information Commissioner. Responsibilities of public authorities. Required to adopt and maintain a Publication Scheme. Sets out the classes of information available (eg. prospectuses, almanacs and websites). the manner in which they intend to publish the information, whether a charge will be made for the information.

146. COMMUNICATIONS ACT Protects the public from harmful or menacing electronic communication Makes it illegal to use other people's wifi without their permission

147. 147 HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATIONS Requirement on employers. Carry out a risk assessment. Employers with five or more employees need to record the significant findings of the risk assessment. Risk assessment should be straightforward in a simple workplace such as a typical office. Provide a safe and secure working environment.

148. NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL POLICING OF THE INTERNET. Why it won’t happen - Each country has separate legal systems - Don’t want to lose control. - UN style organsiation is required Why would it be good - Prevent more crime - Censorship would be universal.

149. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT/IMPLICATI ONS National 5 Energy use, Disposal of IT equipment, Carbon footprint Higher Lifetime carbon footprint (manufacture, use, disposal), Environmental benefits

150. LIFETIME CARBON FOOTPRINT Manufacture - Energy and resources are used to bring together the raw materials for a PC or Laptop. The actual production process also requires energy and resources. While it is being used the PC/Laptop will be using energy and create heat emissions Disposal - Much computer hardware contains emissions that can cause cancer. Therefore they have to be disposed of with care.

151. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS Communication can take place on-line rather than people travelling to meetings. Companies now recycle IT equipment rather than send it to landfill.

152. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT Economic: competitive advantage, global marketplace, business costs, maintainability, scalability Social: censorship and freedom of speech, privacy and encryption, global citizenship, online communities.

153. ACADEMIC, COMMERCIAL AND PERSONAL WEB PAGES http://www.cristianoronaldo.com/ http://www.lilyallenmusic.com/ http://www.amazon.com/ http://www.debenhams.com/ https://retail.santander.co.uk https://www.edx.org/ ‎ https://www.edx.org/ ‎ http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/ https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama

154. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE When they invest in excellent IT systems organisations can gain a competitive advantages over their rivals as this can lead them to offer better value to their customers as they are more efficient.

155. GLOBAL MARKETPLACE Selling products and services across the world rather than just in a single country or regions. Coca Cola are global. Barr’s Irn Bru is national. The VG store in Motherwell is local

156. BUSINESS COSTS Expensive to invest in the hardware and software for a new computerised system. Staff Training can be expensive.

157. MAINTAINABILITY How easy is it to repair and update any ICT equipment.

158. SCALABILITY Is it possible for an information system to be used to meet a global audience rather than a national or local one.

159. CENSORSHIP AND FREEDOM OF SPEECH The challenge for the authorities is to find a balance between the individuals' right to express themselves freely and the need to protect the public from offence content or opinions. The authorities in, for example, China and Iran filter the content of websites preventing their citizens from gaining free access whereas in the UK it is only content which is extremely offensive that would be blocked.

160. PRIVACY AND ENCRYPTION Authorities try to reach a balance between successfully preventing and investigating crime and allowing individuals the right to express their own opinions and follow their personal interests.

161. GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP awareness of global issues such as environment, commerce, politics and society in general.

162. ONLINE COMMUNITIES A virtual community whose members interact with each other primarily via the Internet.