1. Sydni Jordan- Warren Mott High School Kyla Semones – Cousino High School

2. Purpose To determine whether or not a metal rod is composed of Molybdenum based percent error and the intensive properties of specific heat and linear thermal expansion.

3. Terms To Know Specific Heat The amount of heat that it takes to increase the temperature of a metal by one degree Celsius. Units: J / g * ºC

4. Terms to Know Linear Thermal Expansion A metal's change in length when it experiences a change in temperature Units: ºC -1

5. Terms to Know Kinetic Molecular Theory States that atoms are constantly in motion and when heat is applied to a system, the speed of the atoms’ motion increases.

6. Terms to Know First Law of Thermodynamics Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

7. Isolated System A container that does not allow the matter or heat inside to escape Ex: Calorimeters Terms to Know

8. Intensive Property A property that is unique to a specific element and does not depend on the sample size Terms to Know

9. Molybdenum Background Discovered by Carl Welhelm Scheele in 1778.

10. Molybdenum Background Characteristics Mo Density: 10.22 g/cm 3 Atomic Number: 42 Atomic Mass: 95.94 amu Hard and silvery

11. Electron Configuration [Kr] 4d5 5s1 Molybdenum Background

12. Most common use commonly used in Steel alloys stronger steel higher heat tolerance higher resistance to corrosion Molybdenum Background

13. Isolation 2MoS 2 + 7O 2 2MoO 3 + 4SO 2 MoS 2 + 6MoO 3 7MoO 2 + 2SO 2 2MoO 2 + O 2 2MoO 3 Molybdenum Background

14. Specific Heat 0.25 J/g x ºC Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient 4.8 x 10 -6 Molybdenum Background

15. Problem The researchers will use linear thermal expansion and specific heat equations along with percent error to correctly determine whether or not the unknown metal rod is made of Molybdenum.

16. Hypothesis When the linear thermal expansion coefficient, specific heat, and the average percent error for the trials are calculated, the researchers will conclude that the unknown metal rod will not be composed of Molybdenum.

17. Tests Used Specific Heat Test Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient Test

18. Test I. Specific Heat

19. Specific Heat Equation used:

20. Calorimeter Building To conduct the specific heat tests, three calorimeters were built.

21. Specific Heat Materials

22. Specific Heat Test Mass of the rod was taken Rod was placed in boiling water for 3 minutes Rod was placed into a calorimeter with water The equilibrium temperature was found Specific Heat was calculated

23. Molybdenum Specific Heat Results Molybdenum Averages Specific Heat Rods: 0.236 Percent Error: 16.320 Observations Rod never boiled over three minutes and five seconds Window opened during and after trial 8

24. Unknown Specific Heat Results Unknown Metal Averages Specific Heat: 0.277 Percent Error: 84.098 Observations Rods never boiled over thirty seconds The window was opened during the testing for all of the trials

25. Specific Heat Results Molybdenum Unknown

26. Two-Sample t-Test Assumptions SRSs independent samples 15 of more trials unknown standard deviation of population

27. Two-Sample t-Test

28. Two-Sample T Test Results T-value = -1.315 P-value = 0.204 Failed to reject null hypothesis 0.204 > alpha value 0.1

29. Test II. Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient

30. Linear Thermal Expansion

31. Linear Thermal Expansion Materials

32. Linear Thermal Expansion Video

33. Molybdenum Linear Thermal Expansion Results Averages of Molybdenum Alpha coefficient: 2.806 x 10 -6 Percent Error: 41.543 Observations Window opened for trials 5 through 12 Never boiled for over three minutes and ten seconds

34. Unknown Linear Thermal Expansion Results Averages of Unknown Metal Alpha coefficient: 5.197 x 10 -6 Percent Error: 8.988 Observations Never boiled for more than three minutes and ten seconds Window closed through entire test

35. Linear Thermal Expansion Results Molybdenum Unknown

36. Two-Sample t-Test Assumptions SRSs independent samples 15 of more trials unknown standard deviation of population

37. Two-Sample t-Test

38. Two-Sample t-Test Results T-Value = -9.837 P-value = 7.633 x 10 -10 Rejected null hypothesis 7.633 x 10 -8 < alpha level 0.1

39. What have we concluded? Results of the t- tests may be deemed inconclusive One assumption was not met The mean that was calculated from the Molybdenum rods was not close to the actual alpha coefficient for Molybdenum, 4.8 x 10-6.

40. Accept or Reject? Hypothesis Accepted Rejected

41. Why reject? Percent Error Linear Thermal Expansion P-value: 7.633 x 10 -10

42. Flaws Metal transfer Metal temperature assumptions

43. Limitations Opening/Closing of windows Calorimeters

44. Real World Applications Mining Plumbing Architecture

45. Further Research Melting Point Test Boiling Point Test Density Test

46. Acknowledgements Jeff Wainz Mrs. Hilliard Mr. Supal Mrs. Dewey

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49. Works Cited "Molybdenum Chemistry & Uses." Molybdenum Chemistry & Uses. International Molybdenum Association, n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013.. "Molybdenum Properties." Molybdenum Properties. International Molybdenum Association, n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2013.. Nave, Carl R.. “Specific Heat.” Georgia State University. National Science Teachers Association., n.d. Web. 25 Mar 2013.. Physics Department, Florida State. “Experiment VIII: Specific Heat and Calorimetry.” Florida State University. Web. 25 Mar 2013.. Physics Department,. “Thermal Expansion and Thermal Conductivity.” University of Guelf. University or Guelf. Web. 8 Apr 2013.. "Processing." Molybdenum. International Molybdenum Association, n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. R. Nave. “Thermal Expansion.” Thermal Expansion. Georgia State University, 15 Oct. 2001. Web. 06 Apr. 2013.. “Temperature and Thermal Expansion.” Temperature and Thermal Expansion. Boston University, 29 Nov. 1999. Web. 06 Apr. 2013..

50. Questions?