3. Weathering of Rocks Hoodoos More Resistant layer

4. Breaking and Removing rock 1.Weathering - the disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near the surface. 2.Erosion – the transport of weathered material by water, wind, ice and gravity.

5. Weathering in the Rock Cycle Sedimentary Rocks Igneous Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Magma Sediment Pressure And Cementation Weathering and Erosion Weathering And Erosion Heat and Pressure Cooling Heat Pressure Weathering And Erosion

6. *Types of Weathering Mechanical – physical breakdown of rocks with NO change in composition. Chemical – chemical alteration and decomposition of rocks by chemical reactions.

7. Mechanical Weathering makes smaller pieces and exposes more surface area to weathering processes

8. *Types of Mechanical Weathering 1.Ice Wedging – water freezes in cracks and expands them causing rocks to break apart.

9. Ice Wedging

10. *Types of Mechanical Weathering 2. Organic Activity – roots break apart rocks.

11. Organic Activity

13. Tree along 460 near Princeton that was saved by building a huge cement wall with drainage

14. *Types of Mechanical Weathering 3. Exfoliation and Jointing because of pressure release also break apart rocks.

15. Exfoliation

17. Results of Jointing

19. *Types of Mechanical Weathering 4. Abrasion –rounding or smoothing by water, wind, or glaciers Wind, water and glaciers also erode/deposit sediments.

20. Examples: Glacial Striations Glacial Polish Glaciers smooth and/or scratch rocks.

22. *Water transport in rivers smooths and rounds rocks.

24. *Wind creates ventifacts (smoothed surfaces and erosion)

26. Wind and water work together

27. *Wind Deposition creates Dunes

28. *Types of Chemical Weathering Hydrolysis - any reaction in which water participates. Also includes acid.

29. *Types of Chemical Weathering 1. Rust (oxidation) – caused by water and oxygen 2. Carbonation (caves) – KARST topography forms when carbonic acid (formed by water and carbon dioxide) reacts with limestone (Calcium Carbonate) and converts it to soluble Calcium Bicarbonate.

31. *2a. Stalactites and stalagmites form from carbonate deposits from dripping water in caves.

32. *2b. Sinkholes can also cause pollution problems if they connect directly to the water table. *2b. Sinkholes can also cause pollution problems if they connect directly to the water table.

33. Typical Sinkhole

34. Not a Typical Sinkhole…

35. *Types of Chemical Weathering 3.Acids in mosses and roots can react with minerals in rocks and dissolve them. 4.Changing of feldspar into clay (kaolin) by hydrolysis. 5.Dissolving by water.

36. *Factors influencing Weathering Rates 1.Rock Composition – sedimentary rocks weather more rapidly than metamorphic or igneous. Also, quartz is resistant to weathering. 2.Rock Surface area – more surface exposed, more rapidly weathered. 3.Topography – high elevation and steep slopes weather more rapidly. 4.Climate – variable (freezes and thaws) and hot/ humid cause rapid weathering.

37. Benefits of Weathering Produces regolith (rock fragments) clay, sand, and gravelProduces regolith (rock fragments) clay, sand, and gravel Produces mineralsProduces minerals Creates soilCreates soil

38. Soil is made of loose, weathered rock, minerals, air and organic material (humus).

39. Soil Profile(fill in the blanks) Soil Profile(fill in the blanks)R 0- Leaf Litter 0- Leaf Litter B- Clay and Leached Minerals B- Clay and Leached Minerals R-Bedrock or Parent Rock A-Humus C- Partially Weathered Bedrock

40. Soil Profile In a cross- section of soil, various horizons are formed. In a cross- section of soil, various horizons are formed.

41. A Horizon: Topsoil This layer is usually loose and crumbly with a significant amount of organic matter (HUMUS). (O is leaf litter)

42. A Horizon: Topsoil A Horizon: Topsoil Most productive layer of soil. Most productive layer of soil. Conservation efforts are focused here!

43. B Horizon: Subsoils B Horizon: Subsoils Subsoils are usually light, dense, clay-rich with some organic matter. This is where minerals leached from the A horizon accumulate. Subsoils are usually light, dense, clay-rich with some organic matter. This is where minerals leached from the A horizon accumulate.

44. C Horizon: Transition C Horizon: Transition Partially weathered parent material with little/no humus. Partially weathered parent material with little/no humus.

45. Bedrock Bedrock Below the C horizon the unweathered bedrock will be found. Below the C horizon the unweathered bedrock will be found.

46. Climate and Soil Tropics – thick, unfertile soils called laterites. Arctic or Desert – thin, made mostly of regolith

47. Topography and Soil Slopes – thin and dry topsoil Lowlands – thick, wet soils with humus

48. Erosion Control Creating a soil condition that is resistant to erosion

49. Control Practices and Structures for Farms Terracing, Crop rotation and Wind Breaks

50. Wind Erosion

51. Factors that Decrease Wind Erosion Cloddiness Crop residue RidgesBarriers

52. Mass Wasting The downslope movement of unconsolidated Earth material due to gravity.

54. Increasing Severity of Mass Wasting

55. Slump- quick downward movement of a block of soil.

59. Rock Slides

60. Creep-slow movement of soil down a slope due to expansion and freezing.

61. Creep

63. Mudflows-very fast downward movement of water and mud

64. Stabilityreduced The Stability of soil is reduced by: 1.Adding water to the material of a slope 2.Increasing the steepness of the slope 3.Removing material from the lower part of the slope 4.Earthquakes 5.Removal of vegetation (increases runoff)

65. Erosion Created Landforms Mountains erode to peneplains

66. Sometimes monadnocks (resistant knobs of rock) are exposed.

69. Mountains erode finally to plains

72. Plateaus (large high flat areas) erode to form mesas (smaller high table-like structures) and buttes (small narrow columns)

82. Engineering Solutions Rock Nets

83. Soil Nailing

84. Avalanche Barriers (Switzerland)