1. BLUE CARD!!!! BLUE CARD!!!! 1. Choose a species of animals that Darwin observed and EXPLAIN the adaptation. 1. Choose a species of animals that Darwin observed and EXPLAIN the adaptation. 2. I.D. and EXPLAIN someone or something that influenced Darwin in his beliefs. 2. I.D. and EXPLAIN someone or something that influenced Darwin in his beliefs. NOTE: Did I mention EXPLAIN…… NOTE: Did I mention EXPLAIN……

2. Evolution Evolution Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

3. Australopithecus 3.5 MYA

4. Neanderthal Man 80-50 TYA

5. Charles Darwin English English Born 1809 Born 1809 HMS Beagle - 1831 HMS Beagle - 1831 Naturalist Naturalist Very Religious Very Religious

6. Darwin’s Observations Animals and plants were well adapted Animals and plants were well adapted Diverse reproductive strategies Diverse reproductive strategies Puzzled by location of animals Puzzled by location of animals Rabbits in Argentina, not in Australia Rabbits in Argentina, not in Australia Fossils Fossils similar, dissimilar, Extinction similar, dissimilar, Extinction

7. The Beagle’s Journey

8. Pinta Island Intermediate shell Pinta Isabela Island Dome-shaped shell Hood Island Saddle-backed shell Hood Floreana Santa Fe Santa Cruz James Marchena Fernandina Isabela Tower Giant Tortoises of the Galápagos Islands Section 15-1

9. The Galapagos Islands DesertLarge rainfall Intermediate Shell Domed Shell Saddle backed Shell Climate variation throughout

10. Tortoises of the Galapagos Saddleback long neck, curved shell, found on Hood Island, desert like long neck, curved shell, found on Hood Island, desert like Dome Shaped shorter neck, domed shell, lush vegetation, covers the ground, Isabela island

11. Many different varieties in different locations Finches

12. Journey Home Animals and plants varied a great deal from island to island Animals and plants varied a great deal from island to island Did the organisms on different islands belong to the same species? Did the organisms on different islands belong to the same species? Was the ancestor from S. America? Was the ancestor from S. America?

13. Influences on Darwin Fossil Record Fossil Record

14. James Hutton - 1785 Earth - millions of years old, not 5700 Earth - millions of years old, not 5700

15. Charles Lyell - 1833 Past events are explained by the processes that scientists can see today. Past events are explained by the processes that scientists can see today. Made observations of Niagara Falls Made observations of Niagara Falls

16. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - 1809 Proposes 1st theory of evolution Proposes 1st theory of evolution use vs. disuse use vs. disuse acquired traits are passed on acquired traits are passed on leads to changes in species leads to changes in species

17. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution

18. Thomas Malthus - 1798 Economist - unchecked population growth leads to a lack of space and food Economist - unchecked population growth leads to a lack of space and food Frog Eggs - What detemines survival?

19. Artificial Selection Farmers and breeders Farmers and breeders Selective Breeding Selective Breeding

20. On his return Marries Emma Wedgwood (1st cousin) Marries Emma Wedgwood (1st cousin) Has 10 children, 3 die before adulthood, many have medical issues (why do you think?) 3 sons are knighted. Has 10 children, 3 die before adulthood, many have medical issues (why do you think?) 3 sons are knighted.

21. 1836-1859 Family Family Illness Illness Atolls Atolls Barnacles Barnacles Charles Lyell Charles Lyell

22. 1858 1858 - On Charles Lyell’s advice begins writing up his views for a book to be called Natural Selection. 1858 - On Charles Lyell’s advice begins writing up his views for a book to be called Natural Selection.

23. 1858 (June) Receives letter from Alfred Wallace Receives letter from Alfred Wallace He is collecting specimens in Indonesia. He is collecting specimens in Indonesia. Shared with Lyell Shared with Lyell

24. Darwin’s View - On the Origin of the Species - 1859

26. The Origin of Species Natural Selection Natural Selection Survival of the Fittest Survival of the Fittest Struggle for Existence Struggle for Existence Descent with Modifications Descent with Modifications

27. Darwin’s Evidence of Evolution Fossil Record Fossil Record Distribution of Living Species Distribution of Living Species Homologous Body Structures Homologous Body Structures Embryo Development Embryo Development

28. Fossil Record Information of past life, including structure of organisms and the order in which they lived Information of past life, including structure of organisms and the order in which they lived

29. Fossils Provide Insight to the Past

32. Natural Variation passed on to future generations

33. Struggle for Existence

34. Survival of the Fittest - (Natural Selection) Individuals that are best suited for their environment have high levels of fitness and therefore survive and reproduce Individuals that are best suited for their environment have high levels of fitness and therefore survive and reproduce

35. Adaptations - physical characteristics or behaviors Camouflage

36. Descent with Modification Species change overtime Species change overtime All organisms share a common ancestor (common descent) All organisms share a common ancestor (common descent)

38. Reviewing Darwin’s Theory Variation Variation Large amounts of offspring Large amounts of offspring Competition Competition Struggle for Existence Struggle for Existence Survival of the Fittest Survival of the Fittest Descent with Modification via Natural Selection Descent with Modification via Natural Selection Common Decent Common Decent How does evolution really work?evolution really work?

40. Distribution of Living Species - I Unrelated organisms look similar because of common ecological conditions - Convergent Evolution

41. Beaver NORTH AMERICA Muskrat Capybara SOUTH AMERICA Coypu Geographic Distribution of Living Species Beaver Muskrat Beaver and Muskrat Coypu Capybara Coypu and Capybara

43. Distribution of Living Species - II Finches - all share a common mainland ancestor, differences are due to the environment

44. Homologous Structures - same basic design, modifications

45. Analogous Structures Similar Function/Looks different Wing of insect, bird, bat, and pterosaur

46. Vestigial Organs - traces of homologous structures

47. Embryo Development Embryonic Cells develop in the same group and similar patterns

48. Biochemistry Ex. Blood proteins, DNA, etc.

49. Patterns of Evolution

50. Divergent Evolution Adaptive Radiation Adaptive Radiation Process by which a single species or group evolves into several different forms that live in different ways Process by which a single species or group evolves into several different forms that live in different ways Darwin’s finches Darwin’s finches Hawaiian Hawaiianhoneycreepers

51. Convergent Evolution Unrelated species become more and more similar in appearance as they adapt to the same environment Unrelated species become more and more similar in appearance as they adapt to the same environment Desert plants Desert plants

52. Coevolution Two species evolve due to their interactions Two species evolve due to their interactions Predators and their prey Predators and their prey Examples? Examples? Plants and pollinators Plants and pollinators Examples? Examples?

53. Speciation Influences Gene pool Geographic isolation Gene pool Geographic isolation Physical separation of members of a population Physical separation of members of a population

54. Genetic Equilibrium Results in NO EVOLUTION Results in NO EVOLUTION A population in which allele frequencies do not change from generation to generation A population in which allele frequencies do not change from generation to generation 1. No mutations occur 2. No migration occurs 3. There is a large population 4. Individuals mate randomly 5. Natural selection does NOT occur

55. Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium 1. Mutations Physical change in a gene or chromosome Physical change in a gene or chromosome “Variations” “Variations” Produce new alleles for a trait Produce new alleles for a trait

56. Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium 2. Migration Movement of individual organisms into or out of a population Movement of individual organisms into or out of a population Immigration vs. Emigration Immigration vs. Emigration

57. Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium 3. Genetic Drift A shift in the allele frequencies in a population due to random events or chance A shift in the allele frequencies in a population due to random events or chance

58. Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium 4. Extinction Species die off Species die off Members trait did not allow them to survive and pass genes on to the next generation Members trait did not allow them to survive and pass genes on to the next generation The population didn’t have proper adaptations to survive and reproduce The population didn’t have proper adaptations to survive and reproduce Species is lost forever Species is lost forever

59. Darwin’s notebooks