1. Enzymes
I will identify and investigate the role of enzymes by participating in a class discussion and completing a independent practice assignment.

2. WHAT is an enzyme? HOW do they work?
THE BIG IDEA:
An ENZYME is a PROTEIN that functions as a catalyst to SPEED UP a CHEMICAL REACTION in the body;
It is NOT used up in the chemical reaction, rather it is recycled and used over and over again
All enzymes are proteins.
Enzymes are biological catalyst.
Catalyst speed up reactions.
These reactions would take place anyway… the enzymes just speed them up!

3. CHARACTERISTICS of Enzymes –
Enzymes do not make anything happen that couldn’t happen on its own, just makes it happen faster.
Enzymes are not used up in reactions. They can be used over and over again!
Enzymes are highly specific: each enzyme catalyzes a specific chemical reaction, acting on a specific substrate
Enzymes are only needed in small amounts.

4. HOW is an enzymes SHAPE related to its FUNCTION??
THE BIG IDEA: An enzyme’s STRUCTURE DETERMINES its FUNCTION!!!!
The part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate is called the active site. The active site has a shape that precisely matches the shape of the molecule to be reacted, called the substrate.
When the substrate and enzyme bind temporarily, an enzyme-substrate complex is formed.

5. “Lock and Key”
Enzyme specificity is often described using the “lock-and-key” model of enzyme action:
The shape of the enzyme’s active site (the “Key’s teeth”) determines which substrate (which “Lock”) will “fit” with the enzyme.
If the substrate (“lock”) doesn’t match with the active site (“key”), the enzyme cannot catalyze the chemical reaction

6. Label ME!!! 2. 1. 3.

8. Remember these key ideas…
The SUBSTRATE is the REACTANT in the chemical reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme, the substance that is CHANGED
The ACTIVE SITE is the region on the enzyme where the substrate attaches; the shape of the active site determines which substrates the enzyme can bind.
Imagine a KEY (the ACTIVE SITE) fitting a LOCK (the SUBSTRATE).
The PRODUCT is what you end up with after the chemical reaction has occurred.

9. Draw ME!!! Catabolic Reaction Bonds are being broken Anabolic Reaction
Bonds are being created

10. HOW do enzymes CATALYZE chemical reactions??
Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the required activation energy (the amount of energy needed to start the reaction).

11. The activation energy needed for the reaction to occur is reduced.
After the reaction is complete, the substrate has formed a new product or products and the enzyme is released to be reused.

12. What environmental FACTORS can affect an ENZYME’S FUNCTION?
1. Temperature:
THE BIG IDEA: Enzymes function optimally at certain temperatures.
BUT, if it gets TOO HOT, the enzyme becomes “DENATURED” as the heat “cooks” the protein.
OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE for an
enzyme is when enzyme “works best,”

13. OPTIMAL pH for an enzyme is the pH at which is when it “works best
2. pH (a measure of acidity) THE BIG IDEA: Enzymes function optimally at a certain pH.
If the pH is too low (too acidic) or
too high (too basic), the enzyme
becomes “DENATURED”
OPTIMAL pH for an enzyme is the pH at which is when it “works best

14. Acids, Bases & pH scale

15. Acids Compounds that forms H+ ions in solution. pH values below 7.
Acids taste sour
The lower the pH number the stronger the acid.
Ex. Stomach acid, Vinegar, Lemon juice.

16. Bases Compounds that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.
Also known as alkaline solutions
pH values above 7.
Bases taste bitter
The higher the pH the stronger the base.
Ex. Ammonia, soap, bile.

17. pH scale Used to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in a solution.
Ranges from 0 to 14.
At a pH of 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal.
Pure water has a pH of 7.
Each step on the pH scale represents a factor of 10.

18. Proteins can be Denatured
Denature – “destroying the nature or the shape”
changes the Secondary, Tertiary or Quaternary structure of a protein.
Salts, Heat and pH changes affect proteins (polypeptides) and may denature them.

19. What can you conclude from this graph?