1. Genetic Variation & Natural Selection Within Populations 11.1 & 11.2

2. Variation & Natural Selection What have we learned? At your table, take 2 minutes to discuss what the take away message from our last chapter was. Determine your tables response & be prepared to share. 2:00 1:30 1:00 :30 TIME!

3. 11.1 Genetic Variation Scenario: ◦ The zombie apocalypse has begun. ◦ The entire US is in horror and trying to find ways to survive. ◦ What type of traits make you more likely to be caught and changed into a zombie? ◦ Does everyone you know have these traits? ◦ What traits will make you less likely to be zombie food?

4. Genetic Variation Genetic Variation increases chance that some individuals will survive. ◦ Natural Selection acts on phenotype in a population ◦ Must have genetic variation to have different phenotypes ◦ The greater the variation in phenotypes the greater the chance of survival. Socially Awkward Penguin

5. Gene Pool Defined: ◦ The combined alleles of all the individuals in a population. Why is it important: ◦ Where genetic variation is demonstrated Review: ◦ What is an allele? How do we determine the frequency of an allele in a gene pool?

6. WITH MATH!!!! YAY!

7. Allele Frequency A class of 20 students all have either brown (Bb or BB) or blue eyes (bb). ◦ 8 students have blue eyes (bb = 8) ◦ 8 students have a parent with blue eyes (Bb = 8) ◦ 4 students have no parent with blue eyes (BB = 4)  Assume these parents don’t carry recessive allele ◦ What is the frequency of the blue eye allele in this class? ◦ Hint: each individual allele counts as one in your total. (a blue eyed individual has 2 alleles for blue eyes)

8. Allele Frequency How many blue eyed students? ◦ 8 students x 2 b alleles = 16 b alleles How many brown eyed students with recessive allele? ◦ 8 students x 1 b allele = 8 b alleles ◦ 8 students x 1 B allele = 8 B alleles How many students (BB) ◦ 4 students x 2 B alleles = 8 Total b alleles = 24 Total B alleles = 16 Total alleles in pop = 40

9. Allele Frequency (B) allele freq is 16 / 40 = 40% (b) allele freq is 24 / 40 = 60% What would happen to the frequency of B alleles if suddenly having blue eyes became an advantageous trait to humans?

10. Sources of Genetic Variation Mutation: ◦ DNA change can lead to change in allele. Recombination: ◦ Rearrangement of parent’s alleles during gamete production

11. Brain Break – The Music Version Parents hate your music….you hate their music…why? As you age, your brain becomes unable to handle as much dopamine. ◦ Dopamine: plays a major role in reward driven learning. Gives you the “chills” when a new song you like comes on. Because you fail to get that same sensation as you age, your music taste will become stagnate.

12. 11.2 Nat. Selection on Populations

13. Distribution of Traits Normal Distribution: ◦ Frequency is highest near the mean and decreases towards the extreme ends. Range of Variables FrequencyFrequency

14. But Mr. Wilson, how does this Apply to Natural Selection? Thanks for Asking! Actually, for some traits, all phenotypes provide an equal chance of survival. These phenotypes generally show a normal distribution Those that are the most common appear in the middle of the range. Those that are less common are at the extremes.

15. But… If a trait in this distribution becomes most favorable in nature… The favorable phenotype will increase in frequency. ◦ This is natural selection Can allele frequencies be observed over time? You betcha!

16. Microevolution Defined: ◦ The observable change in allele frequencies of a population over time. Natural Selections Role: ◦ Directional ◦ Stabilizing ◦ Disruptive Selection

17. Directional Selection Defined: ◦ Selection that favors one extreme of a trait’s range. Example: ◦ Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

18. Lets Use Our Example

19. Stabilizing Selection Defined: ◦ The intermediate phenotype is favored. Example: ◦ Size of a newborn baby. ◦ Too small = increased risks ◦ Too big = increased risks

20. The Likely Trend

21. Disruptive Selection Defined: ◦ When both extreme phenotypes are favored. ◦ Intermediate phenotypes are selected against in nature. Example: ◦ London’s Peppered Moth Rural Industrial

22. At this point:

23. End of Notes!!!