1. Chapter 3 Body Tissues

2. Human body starts out as one cell Cell division occurs to create millions of cells Cellular Specialization results Anytime you have a group of cells working together for the same purpose TISSUES result.

3. Four Main Tissue Types 1.Connective- Support 2.Nervous- Control 3.Muscle- Movement 4.Epithelium- Covering

4. Tissues Most organs are composed of several tissue types. The Type of tissue will determine the function of the organ.

5. Epithelial Tissue The lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body. Covers all free body surfaces and contains versatile cells. Nearly all substances given off or received by the body must pass through the epithelium.

6. Epithelial Functions 1.Protection 2.Absorption 3.Filtration 4.Secretion Examples: Epithelium of the skin-protects against bacterial and chemical damage. -Epithelium that lines the digestive tract absorbs food into the body.

7. Characteristics of Epithelium Cells fit closely together and form continuous sheets. The membranes always have one free (unattached) surface or edge. This Apical Surface is exposed to the body’s exterior or tot eh cavity of an internal organ

8. Characteristics Cont. The lower surface rest on a basement membrane Epithelial tissues have no blood supply of their own(avascular) and depend on diffusion from capillaries to provide oxygen and food. If well nourished, epithelial cells will regenerate easily.

9. Classification of Epithelium Given two names: the 1 st = number of cell layers, 2 nd = shape of the cells Number of cells 1) Simple= one layer of cells 2) Stratified= more than one cell layer

10. Classification Cont. Shapes of Cells 1.Squamous- flattened like fish scales 2.Cuboidal- cube shaped like dice 3.Columnar- cells shaped like columns * The terms describing the shape and the arrangement are then combined to describe the epithelium completely.

11. Simple Epithelia The simple epithelia are most concerned with; -absorption - secretion - filtration **because they are thin protection is not a function**

12. Simple Squamous Epithelium A single layer of thin squamous cells. Cells fit closely together Forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion occurs. Found in the following areas: -air sacs of the lungs, forms walls of capillaries, forms serous membranes

13. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium One layer of cuboidal cells Forms: - glands and their ducts(salivary glands and the pancreas), walls of kidney tubules, covers the surface of the ovaries,

14. Simple Columnar Epithelium Made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together. Forms; - Goblet Cells(produce lubricating mucus), lines the entire length of the digestive system

15. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Pseudo=false or fake The appearance of the cells arrangement leads to the look of multiple layers when in fact there is only one. Function; absorption and secretion Ciliated version lines the respiratory tract, goblet cells produce mucus to trap dust and debris while the cilia push the mucus away from the lungs

16. Stratified Epithelium Consists of two or more cell layers Considerably more durable then simple epithelia Functions to Protect

17. Stratified Squamous Epithelium Most common stratified epithelium in the body. Consists of several layers Found in sites that receive a good amount of abuse or friction like the esophagus, the mouth, and the outer portion of the skin

18. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Two layers with the cells being cuboidal in shape Very rare along with stratified columnar epithelium

19. Stratified Columnar Epithelium Very rare found only in the ducts of large glands

20. Transitional Epithelium Highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of only a few organs- the urinary bladder, the ureters, and the urethra. All of these organs are a part of the urinary system and subject to considerable stretching. The ability of transitional cells to slide past one another and to change shape allows for the urinary system to function properly

21. Glandular Epithelium A gland consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product. This product is called an secretion. Two major types of glands are formed from epithelial sheets. 1.Endocrine Glands 2.Exocrine Glands

22. Endocrine Glands Lose their connection to the duct Their secretions(all hormones) diffuse directly onto the blood vessels that weave through the gland. Examples include; thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary

23. Exocrine Glands Retain their ducts Secretions empty through the ducts to the epithelial surface Include; sweat and oil glands, liver and pancreas

24. Connective Tissue Connects body parts Found everywhere in the body It is the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types.

25. Common Characteristics of Connective Tissue Variations in blood supply (well vascularized) Exceptions: tendons and ligaments poor blood supply, cartilages are avascular. Extracellular Matrix-made up of many types of cells and a non-living substance found outside those cells

26. Extracellular Matrix Makes connective tissue different then all other tissues. The matrix is produced by the connective tissue cells and secreted to there exterior. Matrix may be liquid, semi-solid, gel-like, or very hard

27. Extracellular Matrix Because of the matrix, connective tissue can bear weight, withstand stretching, and other abuses that no other tissue could withstand. One extreme-fat with lots of cells and a soft matrix Another extreme-bone with few cells and hard matrix

28. Extracellular Matrix Various types and amounts of fibers are deposited in and form a part of the matrix. – Examples: Collagen Fibers ( white) – Elastic Fibers (yellow) – Reticular Fibers ( Fine collagen)

29. Connective Tissue Functions Protecting, Supporting, and Binding together other body tissues.

30. Types of Connective Tissues Bone Cartilage (3) Dense connective tissue (2) Loose connective tissue (2) Adipose tissue Reticular connective tissue Blood

31. Muscle Tissue Highly specialized to CONTRACT AND SHORTEN.

32. Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle

33. Skeletal Muscle

34. Cardiac Muscle

35. Smooth Muscle

36. Nervous Tissue Composed of cells called neurons All neurons receive and conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another

37. Nervous Tissue Function Irritability and conductivity are two major functions of nervous tissue.

38. Neuron Structure Very unique Cytoplasm stretches out into long extensions that can carry impulses over large areas in the body. Work with a group of supporting cells that: – Insulate – Support – Protect the delicate structures of the neurons

39. Tissue Repair The body has many protective features put into place to help prevent damage or injury. When injury does occur, it stimulates the body’s inflammatory and immune responses and the healing immediately begins.

40. Inflammation A nonspecific response to try and prevent further injury.

41. Immune Response An extremely specific response that mounts a vigorous attack against a recognized invader.

42. 2 Major Ways That Tissue Repair Occurs 1.Regeneration-the replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cell 2.Fibrosis- repair by dense connective tissue or the formation of scar tissue

43. Tissue Repair The type of tissue repair depends on: 1.The type of tissue damaged 2.The severity of the injury **Clean cuts(incisions) heal more quickly than ragged tears(lacerations).

44. Tissue Injury Events 1.Capillaries become very permeable which allows fluids rich in clotting proteins to seep into the injured area. 2.A clot is constructed which stops the bleeding and holds the edges of the wound together.

45. Events 3.Clot walls off the injured area preventing bacteria and other harmful substances from getting into the tissue. 4.The clot that is exposed to air will dry and form a scab. 5.Granulation Tissue Forms

46. Events 6.Granulation tissue is a delicate pink tissue composed largely of capillaries that grow into the damaged area from surrounding healthy blood vessels. 7.The clot is disposed of and the connective tissue synthesizes collagen fibers(scar tissue) to form

47. Events 8. Surface epithelium begins to regenerate. 9. Surface epithelium will cover the scar. **the ability for different tissues to regenerate varies widely**

48. Regeneration Easily: skin epidermis and mucous membranes, fibrous connective tissue, and bone Poorly: skeletal muscle Not at all: cardiac muscle and nervous tissue- replaced only by scar tissue

49. Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues

50. Developmental Neoplasm- an abnormal mass of proliferating cells. – Benign – Malignant

51. Developmental Hyperplasia-occurs when certain body tissues enlarge because there is some local irritant or condition that stimulates cells

52. Developmental Atrophy-decrease in size- can occur in a certain organ or body area that loses its normal stimulation