1. Chapter 23 The United States and the Cold War, 1945–1953
The World Freezes Over

2. Crash Courses-Cold War
The Cold War: Crash Course US History #37
(Mr. Green, 13m)
The Cold War in Asia: Crash Course US History #38 (Mr. Green, 13m)
USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War: Crash Course World History #39 (John Green, 12m)
Cold War Explained: World History Review (Hip Hughes, 11m)
SHOW #1
THE COLD WAR - PART 1: From World War to Cold War (9m)
Cold War Documentary Part 1/24 - Comrades (46m)

3. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Two Powers
1. The United States emerged from World War II as by far the world’s greatest power both militarily and economically.
The U.S. sought to lead the world in democracy and economic cooperation.
MEANWHILE…
2. The only power that could in any way rival the United States was the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union was determined to set up “spheres of influence” in Eastern Europe.
Soviet Union had most powerful army in Europe, but was economically much weaker.
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) had lost 20+million people during WW2, both military and civilians. Stalin wanted a VAST land buffer to protect the USSR from any future invading German army. That meant ALL of Eastern Europe.

4. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Roots of Containment
Many Americans became convinced that Stalin was violating the promise of a free election in Poland agreed to at the Yalta conference of (Stalin had set up pro-communist governments in Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria.)*
The Cold War’s first real event occurred in the Middle East, where Soviet troops occupied parts of northern Iran with rich oil fields.
*Josef “Man of Steel” Stalin had promised to have free elections in countries occupied by his armies.
**U.K. finished as a major world power after WW2. Unable to keep up military commitments after the war.

5. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Roots of Containment
3. The Long Telegram sent from the USSR by U.S. diplomat George Kennan advised the Truman administration that the Soviets could not be dealt with as a normal government, that they were inherently and permanently aggressive.
George F. Kennan's "Long Telegram" (2m)

6. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Roots of Containment
4. In response to Kennan’s telegram, the U.S. determined to resist any further Soviet expansion and embraced a policy of Containment, aka the Truman Doctrine. The U.S., under Truman, and with wide bi-partisan support, determined to lead and defend the free world from the spread of communism.**
Contain them rather than have WW3 w/ Soviet Union

7. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Iron Curtain
MEANWHILE….In a speech in Missouri, former British prime minister Winston Churchill declared that an “iron curtain” had fallen over Europe, dividing the free West from the communist East. This reinforced emerging beliefs that a long-term struggle between the United States and the Soviets was at hand.
Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain speech" regarding USSR and Eastern Bloc, at Wes...HD Stock Footage (7m)
Show first 1.5m
(46m)
Cold War Documentary Part 2/24 - Iron Curtain

8. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Truman Doctrine
In March 1947, Truman announced that the United States was now engaged in a global conflict with the Soviet Union. This new policy came to be called the Truman Doctrine.
The doctrine of containment was first put into effect in Greece and Turkey when the U.K. could no longer support anti-communist govt’s there.
Truman believed that communism would expand into these strategically important countries and decided to lead the way in the place of the U.K.
Congress’s broad bipartisan approval* of military aid to Turkey and Greece rescued these governments and checked Soviet power.
U.K. practically bankrupt. Major cities destroyed. Factories and manufacturing destroyed. Loss of civilians and men of working age. The Marshall Plan did not include Britain. The U.S wanted one world power and that would be the U.S., not the U.K.
*everyone onboard

9. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Truman Doctrine
Truman’s speech and policy had committed the United States to a permanent responsibility to defend freedom everywhere for all peoples of the world.*
The Truman administration soon established new “national security” a.k.a. TOP SECRET agencies, such as the National Security Council and Central Intelligence Agency, which were removed from congressional oversight.**
Where we still are now. Still carrying that heavy burden.
** No oversight means that no-one knows what’s going on = Edward Snowdens of the world.

10. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Marshall Plan
Other than potential military action, another part of the Truman Doctrine was the Marshall Plan, which pledged the United States to contribute billions of dollars to finance the economic recovery of Europe.
The overarching motivation behind the plan was to eliminate the poverty that bred sympathy for Communism.
The Marshall Plan a.k.a “Europe’s New Deal” proved to be one of the most successful foreign aid programs in history. 1950s Europe surpassed pre-war production levels, but...
Stalin refused $$ assistance for countries in the Soviet sphere of influence.
With 23 other nations, the United States simultaneously created the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) to foster more free trade and create larger markets for American goods and investments.
One of the reasons Germany is so successful to this day. Did not rebuild Britain. No Marshall Plan for GB.
The Marshall Plan (The European Recovery Program)
The Marshall Plan Explained: US HIstory Review (4m, Hip Hughes)
Battleground: Famous Generals – George C. Marshall (5-Star) (21m)

11. A page from a Dutch pamphlet promoting the Marshall Plan.
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
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12. Bales of American cotton in a warehouse at the
Cold War Documentary Part 3/24 - Marshall Plan – 1952
(46m)
Bales of American cotton in a warehouse at the
French port of Le Havre, 1949.
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

13. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Marshall Plan
The U.S. also rebuilt Japan and the Japanese economy.
Japan became a bastion of anticommunism in the Far East.
By 1950s economy in full swing.
No need for military because under the protection of the U.S. atomic umbrella.
Reconstruction of Japan after WWII. New Constitution and implementation of democracy...HD Stock Footage (1m)
(3m)
General Douglas MacArthur urges social reforms in Japan post World War II and lea...HD Stock Footage
5-star General Douglas MacArthur almost personally ran the country
Did not want Japan falling to Communism. Strong, booming economies are a check to Communism. (People enjoying the fruits/riches of their own labor)

14. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Berlin Blockade and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
1. In 1945 the Soviets cut off road and rail traffic from the American, British, and French zones of occupied Germany to Berlin.
-an eleven-month Allied airlift followed. Tons of food and supplies dropped from the sky into West Berlin.
The Berlin Airlift Explained in 5 Minutes: US History Review (Hip Hughes)
Berlin Airlift - The Story Of A Great Achievement (1949) (10m)
3 western zones (U.S., U.K., and France decided to have a unified currency in 3 western sectors. Stalin felt threatened and decided to choke the life out of W. Berlin.)
Western planes flew right over heads of Soviet troops. Stalin did not have them shot down bec. he did not want WW3. Stalin eventually lifted blockade in 1949.
Led eventually to the building of the Berlin Wall separating East and West Berlin/ultimately East and West Germany
Stalin lifted the blockade, but two nations—East and West Germany—took form, each allied with a side in the Cold War, and Berlin stayed divided. West Berlin survived as an isolated city surrounded by communist East Germany, and only in 1991 was Germany reunified.

15. Map 23.1 Cold War Europe, 1956
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

16. Children in Berlin celebrate the arrival of a plane bringing supplies
(46m)
Cold War Documentary Part 4/24 - Berlin
Children in Berlin celebrate the arrival of a plane
bringing supplies
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

17. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Growing Communist Challenge
An escalation of the Cold War began in 1949 when 1- the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb. (Thanks to U.S. spies working for the USSR) and…
2-Communists won the Civil War in China in 1949, under Mao Zedong
The U.S. gov’t was greatly alarmed by both events, so…
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was formed by the West in response, and pledged each other to mutual defense against any future Soviet attack.
Soviet Union responded by forming the Warsaw Pact
BRINKMANSHIP AND M.A.D. (MUTUALLY ASSURED DESTRUCTION)
NATO-U.S., Canada, and 10 western nations (mutual defense treaty)
Communist China= a devastating blow to the Truman Doctrine of containment

18. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Growing Communist Challenge
In the wake of these events, the National Security Council approved a call for a permanent military buildup to enable the United States to pursue a global crusade against communism.
The document expressing this new policy, called NSC-68, depicted the Cold War as an epochal conflict between “the idea of freedom” and the “slavery” of the Soviets that would determine whether the “free world” survived. NSC-68 spurred monumental increases in military spending.
The Cold War - National Security Options: NSC-68 (4m) (MSLAW)
Still in a permanent military buildup

19. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Korean War
1. In 1945, at the end of WW2, Korea was split into Soviet and American zones. These became two governments: a communist North Korea, and the anti-communist and undemocratic South Korea, aligned with America.
In June 1950, the North Korean army invaded the south, hoping to reunify the country under communist control.
President Harry S. Truman on the Communist threat to Asia
(2m)
(15m)
The Korean "War" For Dummies (Hip Hughes)
(55m)
National Geographic the Korean War Documentary

20. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Korean War
2. The U.N. authorized military action and American troops did the bulk of the fighting on this first battlefield of the Cold War. (First “Hot War” of the Cold War)
General Douglas MacArthur /“ The Savior of Japan” encouraged the use of nukes against China, which was supporting the North Koreans; he also wanted to invade China using American troops.
Japan Hails General MacArthur's 70th Birthday (1950) (1m)
Truman interpreted the invasion as a Soviet challenge to US containment policy, and the UN authorized military action. American troops led by General Douglas MacArthur launched a campaign that resulted in US occupation of most of North Korea. But in October 1950, hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops crossed the border and pushed UN forces back down the peninsula.
MacArthur=5-Star general in the Pacific theater in WW2

21. A photograph of a street battle in Seoul
(46m)
Cold War Documentary Part 5/24 - Korea
A photograph of a street battle in Seoul
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

22. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Korean War
-General MacArthur’s refusal to recognize the president’s civilian control of the military led to his dismissal. The war devolved into a stalemate, and in 1953, an armistice left the two prewar nations intact without any formal peace treaty.
Battleground - Famous Generals - Army General Douglas MacArthur World War II (28m)
General Douglas MacArthur delivers a farewell address at a Joint meeting of Congress...HD Stock Footage
(3m)
MacArthur made the monumental mistake of defying Truman,

23. Know Inchon Landing (MacArthur); NK Offensive, UN (U. S
Know Inchon Landing (MacArthur); NK Offensive, UN (U.S.) Offensive, Chinese counteroffensive
Map 23.2 The Korean War,
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

24. I. Origins of the Cold War: The Korean War
3. Korea made it clear that the Cold War, which began in Europe, had become a global conflict.
4.Taken together, the events of showed that the world had been divided in two. The “East” and the “West;” “capitalist” and “communist;” “free” and “unfree.”
5. More than 33,000 Americans, 1 million Korean soldiers, 2 million civilians, and hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops died.
North Korea And The Demilitarized Zone (4m)
Inside North Korea (46m)
We’re still there today. 38th parallel. DMZ

25. The Truman Presidency: The Fair Deal
1. Truman’s first domestic task was to preside over the transition from a wartime to a peacetime economy:
-rapid demobilization
-War time regulatory agencies abolished
--sharp rise in prices; skyrocketing inflation
2. He moved to revive the stalled momentum of the New Deal with a program he eventually called the “Fair Deal,” which would improve the social safety net and raise living standards.
Increase minimum wage, national health insurance, public housing, social security, education
(1m)
Really bad Harry “The Buck Stops Here” Truman Rap
After the war, President Truman faced the monumental task of shifting America from war to peace. The more than 12 million men still in the military in 1945 wanted to return to their families and jobs, and demobilization occurred rapidly. While some veterans found civilian life difficult, others used GI Bill benefits to build or buy homes, start small businesses, and go to college. Most veterans went into the labor force, taking jobs from more than 2 million women workers. The government dismantled wartime agencies that regulated industry and labor and set price controls, which sparked immediate inflation.

26. The Truman Presidency: The Postwar Strike Wave
1. The AFL and CIO launched Operation Dixie, a campaign to bring unionization to the South.
2. In 1946 nearly 5 million workers went on strike (steelworkers, autoworkers, railroad workers, Hollywood actors)
3. President Truman feared the strikes would seriously disrupt the economy; striking coal miners ordered back to work or face arrest
(1m)
U.S. Strike Wave, 1946

27. The Truman Presidency: The Republican Resurgence
1. Republicans swept to control in both houses of Congress in 1946.
Why? –American middle class alarmed over workers’ strikes/voted Republican
Labor (Unions) disappointed w/ Truman/did not vote Democratic
2. Congress rejected Truman’s Fair Deal program.
Taft-Hartley Act (significant anti-union law); organized labor slowly declined; authorized president to suspend strikes (or face arrest)
(3m)
APUSH Review: The Taft Hartley Act

28. The Truman Presidency: Postwar Civil Rights
1. A Commission on Civil Rights appointed by the president issued To Secure These Rights.
-it called on the federal government to abolish segregation and discrimination. Under Truman’s presidency: anti-lynching measures passed, NAACP registered southern voters.
, Truman desegregated the military by executive order. Overnight, completely changed military culture
3. Desegregation in sports gained momentum after the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947 added Jackie Robinson to their team.
(6m)
Jackie Robinson Tribute - Baseball Hall of Fame

29. The Truman Presidency: The Dixiecrat and Wallace Revolts
1. “Dixiecrats” formed the States’ Rights Democratic Party. (Southern Democrats who rejected civil rights at the Democratic Convention, in 1948)
Strom Thurmond (governor of South Carolina); called for “complete segregation of the races”
2. A group of left-wing critics of Truman’s foreign policy formed the Progressive Party.
Henry Wallace-proposed expanding the welfare state and denounced segregation even more than Truman. Advocated trading with the Soviet union and for international controls on nuclear weapons.
Strom Thurmond's Dixiecrat Days: Newsreel (1m)

30. The Truman Presidency: The 1948 Campaign
1. Truman’s main political opponent was the colorless Republican, Thomas A. Dewey
2. Truman’s success represented one of the greatest upsets in American political history. “Dewey Defeats Truman”. Won an overwhelming victory in the electoral college.
(4m)
APUSH Review: The Election of 1948

31. Map 23.3 The Presidential Election of 1948
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

32. The Anticommunist Crusade
-Cold War America was a society that was permanently fearful and militarized. The Military-Industrial Complex forged by World War II persisted and expanded. -Large and active federal government that spent billions on weapons and overseas bases. -Vast Cold War spending fostered rapid economic growth and technological innovation in medicine, computers, and aircraft. -Immigration policy changed to favor refugees from Communist countries around the world: China, the U.S.S.R.—If you could get out, you could get in to the U.S. Eisenhower warns us of the military industrial complex. (2m)
Eisenhower’s Farewell Address 1961.

33. The Anticommunist Crusade
1. The Cold War encouraged a culture of secrecy and dishonesty
2. At precisely the moment when the United States celebrated freedom as the foundation of American life, the right to dissent came under attack.
(10m)
Communism: A 1952 Anti Soviet Propaganda Short Film From The Cold War Era

34. The Anticommunist Crusade: Loyalty and Disloyalty
1. Those who could be linked to communism were enemies of freedom. Truman’s loyalty review system ( 1947) in which federal employees had to prove their devotion to America. 100s lost jobs or resigned rather than be investigated.
2. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) hearings against Hollywood began in 1947.Hollywood Ten went to jail for contempt. Blacklisted, as well as 100s others who refused to testify.
(15m)
Hip Hughes on The Red Scare
(Richard Nixon)

35. The Anticommunist Crusade: The Spy Trials
1. HUAC investigated Alger Hiss; found guilty of giving secrets to Soviets and jailed.
(5m)
Alger Hiss testifies before the House Committee on Un- American Activities in Was...HD Stock Footage
(5m) red Scare and HUAC
2. The Rosenbergs were convicted of spying and passing atomic secrets to Soviets; and executed in 1953.
(1h 38m)
Forum on the Rosenberg case
(7m)
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Execution/
Ethel Rosenberg/Mary Surratt???? Similarities
Several high-profile legal cases exacerbated the anti-communist craze. Whittaker Chambers, a Time magazine editor, charged that in the 1930s Alger Hiss, a State Department official, had given him secret documents to take to Soviet agents. Hiss denied the allegations, but was convicted for perjury and served five years in prison. The Truman administration put Communist Party leaders on trial for advocating revolution, and several were imprisoned.
In 1951, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, working-class Jewish communists from New York, were convicted of conspiring to pass secrets about the atomic bomb to the Soviets during World War II. The evidence against them was deemed too secret to be revealed at the time, but later it became clear that Julius had not given “the secret of the bomb” to the Soviets, and that almost no evidence supported charges against Ethel. Even though their charges were less serious than spying or treason, the judge said they had helped “cause” the Korean War. They were sentenced to death, and executed in Whether or not Hiss or the Rosenbergs were actually guilty, their trials strengthened Americans’ sense that a massive spy network in the US endangered the nation.

36. The Anticommunist Crusade: McCarthy and McCarthyism
1. Wisconsin senator Joseph McCarthy announced in 1950 that he had a list of 205 communists working for the State Department.
2.McCarthy’s downfall came with nationally televised Army-McCarthy hearings in 1954 (accused U.S. army of being filled with Communists.)
5-Star general and Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower, president in Shut down McCarthy and McCarthyism.
(10M) (Hip Hughes)
(5m)
(Red Scare and HUAC [House Un-American Activities Committee])
(4m)
"Have you no sense of Decency Sir?" - Welch-McCarthy
. “Are you now, or have you ever been, a member of the Communist party.”
This climate of fear allowed an obscure Wisconsin senator to lead a spurious anticommunist crusade. In 1950, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy delivered a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, in which he claimed to have a list of 205 communists employed at the State Department. The charge was baseless, he constantly changed the numbers, and he never identified anyone who was actually disloyal. But McCarthy used his senatorial position to hold hearings and allege disloyalty at the Defense Department and other government agencies. Though many Republicans embraced McCarthy’s campaign as a way to damage the Truman administration, his attacks on government officials after Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president in 1952 alienated Republicans. In 1954, his allegations of disloyalty in the army led to televised hearings that exposed McCarthy’s tactics and led to his downfall. The Republican senate condemned his action, and though McCarthy died three years later, “McCarthyism” came to refer to the abuse of power in the name of anticommunism.

37. Senator Joseph R.Mc Carthy at the Army- McCarthy hearings of 1954.
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

38. The Anticommunist Crusade: An Atmosphere of Fear
1. Anticommunism was as much a local as a national phenomenon
-States created committees to ferret out alleged communists, and state and local authorities required loyalty oaths of teachers, pharmacists, and other professionals.
- Private groups like the American Legion and the National Association of Manufacturers also targeted individuals for their political beliefs.
2. Local anticommunist groups forced public libraries to remove “un-American” books from their shelves. “Robin Hood” an example. Universities refused to host left-wing speakers and fired teachers who would not take loyalty oaths.
3. The courts did nothing to halt the political repression and defended the imprisonment of communists for their beliefs.
Dennis v United States : Batman Style (1m)
Eugene Dennis

39. The Cold War led to widespread fears
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

40. The Anticommunist Crusade: The Use of Anticommunism
1. Government agencies like the Federal Bureau of Investigation, led by J. Edgar Hoover, used anti-communism to increase their power.
2. Anticommunism also served as a weapon wielded by individuals and groups in battles unrelated to defending the U.S. against subversion. E.g. McCarthy and other anti-communist leaders seemed to criticize the legacy of Roosevelt and the New Deal more than Stalin and Communism.
3. The anticommunist crusade promoted a new definition of loyalty—conformity and any criticism of the status quo now appeared subversive. Business used anti-communism against unions, white supremacists used it against black civil rights.
Inside J. Edgar Hoover's FBI: Secrets, Myths, History, Investigations, Career, Director (1995) (57m)

41. The Anticommunist Crusade: Anticommunist Politics
1-The McCarran Internal Security Bill of 1950 (Anti-communist legislation, which required “subversive” groups to register w/ the gov’t). Vetoed by Truman; passed by Congress over Truman’s veto.
(2m)
The McCarran Act and the Efforts of Senator Joseph McCarthy
2. The McCarran-Walter Act of Also passed over Truman’s veto. Kept quotas based on national origins in place. Authorized deportation of communists even if they had become citizens.
(1m)
1952: The McCarran-Walter Immigration Act
3-Operation Wetback-1954-Employed the military to invade Mexican-American neighborhoods and deport illegal aliens. 1 million Mexicans deported within a year.
1-2/3 majority in congress overrides pres. veto
2-Asians counted by race, not national origin. Vetoed by Truman and overridden by Congress.

42. The Anticommunist Crusade: The Cold War Civil Rights and Organized Labor
1. Every political and social organization had to cooperate with the anticommunist crusade or face destruction. NAACP purged communists from local branches.
Organized labor rid itself of its left-wing officials and emerged as a major supporter of the foreign policy of the Cold War
Unions kicked out most radical members, as did Civil rights organizations, for fear of being accused of being Communists.

43. Mini-bio on Harry S. Truman

44. Stalin “One of the Worst Criminals in World History.”
Stalin in Colour - HD Documentary (2013) (49m)

45. Mao's Great Famine/Great Leap Forward, History of China
Chairman Mao Documentary - The Cultural Revolution - Destruction Of China (45m)