1. Flow in evolving fractures and porous media, and related impact on mineralization and surrounding stresses Fredrik K. Eriksen Supervisor: Renaud Toussaint Cotutelle agreement with U. Oslo Co-supervisors: Knut J. Måløy & Eirik G. Flekkøy

2. Introduction Start of Ph.D: 01/09/2013 Project outline Experiment & Investigate: 1. Transformation of porous media caused by fluid flow: - Due to fluid pressure and/or chemical reactions 2. Impact of the solid transformation on the fluid flow Research focus (FRAC & REACT): Transforming reservoirs, coupling of fast and slow transformation with particular emphasis on hydrocarbon and contaminant transport FlowTrans ITN Cooperation network of 10 partners from across Europe in the academic, research and industry sectors

3. Progress during the previous year Worked on experiments with pressure driven deformation: 1. Air invasion into saturated deformable porous media: - Analyzed experimental data, prepared an article - Article submitted to Frontiers in Physics 2. Aerofractures in confined granular media: - Tested and obtained several image processing methods useful for structural and solid deformation analysis - Performed experiments & gathered data Started experiments with chemically evolving fractures: - Visited IRIS (Stavanger, Norway) and performed experiments - Measured surface topography of fracture surfaces before/after reactive flow - Designed an experimental setup for similar experiments in Strasbourg

4. 40cm 1mm Experiments in thin cells – Immiscible flow Air invasion into a liquid-saturated deformable porous media The solid deformation We study: The structure of invasion patterns

5. Experiments in thin cells - Aerofractures 80 micron beads Acoustic emissions The solid deformation We study: 85cm 1.5mm The structure of invasion patterns

6. S. Turkaya, F.K. Eriksen, R. Toussaint, K.J. Måløy, E.G. Flekkøy, "Aerofracture through a double looking glass, mixing optics and acoustics", Flowtrans Review April 2014, p. 4-16, http://www.flowtrans.net/newsletters/http://www.flowtrans.net/newsletters/ F.K. Eriksen, R. Toussaint, K.J. Måløy, E.G. Flekkøy, "Invasion patterns during two- phase flow in deformable porous media", manuscript submitted to Frontiers in Physics (08/2015), http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/3084/flow-and- transformations-in-porous-mediahttp://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/3084/flow-and- transformations-in-porous-media S. Turkaya, R. Toussaint, F.K. Eriksen, G. Daniel, M. Zecevic, E.G. Flekkøy, K.J. Måløy, “Bridging aero-fracture evolution with the characteristics of the acoustic emissions in a porous medium”, Frontiers in Physics (2015), http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/3084/flow-and-transformations-in- porousmedia, doi:10.3389/fphy.2015.00070 http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/3084/flow-and-transformations-in- porousmedia Experiments in thin cells - Articles

7. Reactive flow through fractured rock Measured area Benchmarks: drilled holes with 1.5mm diameter Side A Side B (mirrored) The pieces are put together, and the fracture is flooded with reactive fluid (distilled water) Surface topography is mapped before & after flooding (only before here) Chalk plug is broken into two pieces 1 cm

8. Meetings and dissemination FlowTrans Workshop 3, Poland, Oct 2014: Oral presentation: "Flow in chemically evolving fractures and porous media, and related impact on mineralization and surrounding stresses", F.K. Eriksen, S. Turkaya, R. Toussaint, K.J. Måløy, E.G. Flekkøy Congrès des Doctorants 2014, Strasbourg, Nov 2014 Poster presentation: "Aerofractures in confined granular media", F.K. Eriksen, S. Turkaya, R. Toussaint, K.J. Måløy, E.G. Flekkøy EGU General Assembly 2015, Austria, Apr 2015: Poster presentation: "Aerofractures in confined granular media", F.K. Eriksen, S. Turkaya, R. Toussaint, K.J. Måløy, E.G. Flekkøy FlowTrans Workshop 4, Turkey, May 2015: Poster presentation: "Aerofractures in confined granular media", F.K. Eriksen, S. Turkaya, R. Toussaint, K.J. Måløy, E.G. Flekkøy, (Received the best poster award)

9. Training Workshop 3, Poland: -Caves & Salt Mines (2h) -Introduction to numerical modelling (6h) -How to write papers (4h) -Rapid poster communication (1h) -Career aspirations and possibilities (2h) Workshop 4, Turkey: -North Anatolian fault (5h) -Identify, sketch and analyze faults in the field (17h) -Layout and presentation of posters (3h) -Valoridoc: job application, interview and career seminar (17h) -How to write a grant proposal (5h) Public outreach: Update events section of the FlowTrans webpage http://www.flowtrans.net/events-2

10. Plans for the next year Visit to CSIRO, Australia Experiments: Strength tests of sandstone during pore fluid injection in high pressure conditions Duration: ~1 month Date: Early 2016 Aerofracture project Correlate optical results and numerical simulations with the acoustic data: identify acoustic sources and signals emitted by granular displacement or air vibrations in the fracture Perform a structural analysis of the fracturing patterns in experiments with changing initial parameters and compare with numerical models Reactive flooding project Analyse the already obtained data Perform new experiments while also measuring the stress change during flooding