1. SOLAR CELL PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT
PROJECT TITLE
SOLAR CELL PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT
Under the Guidance of
Prof. R.K. Samaiya
Submitted by
Adsul Nikhil (T )
Jadhav Ashish (T )
Bhosale Akshay (T )

2. ABSTRACT
The aim of this project is on multiple sensor data acquisition. In this project a solar panel is used which keeps tracking the sunlight. Here different parameters of the solar panel like voltage, current and the temperature are monitored.
The microcontroller used here is PIC16F877A.
The voltage is measured by voltage divider principle, current by current across 0.5 ohm resistance and temperature by temperature sensor.
All these data are displayed on a 16X2 LCD interfaced to the PIC microcontroller.
These sensors continuously monitor the parameters and the same are displayed on the LCD.

3. PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM

4. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
TRANSFORMER (230 – 12 V AC)
VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)
RECTIFIER
FILTER
PIC Microcontroller (16F877A)
LED
PUSH BUTTONS
SOLAR PANEL
LCD
1N4007
RESISTOR
CAPACITOR

5. POWER SUPPLY Bridge rectifier 5v Regulator 230 V AC 50 Hz 5V DC
Filter(470µf)
12V step down
transformer

6. PIC (PIC16F877A) High-Performance RISC CPU:
Only 35 single-word instructions.
All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two cycle.
Operating speed: DC – 20 MHz clock input DC – 200 ns instruction cycle
Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory.
Pin out compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin, PIC16CXXX and PIC16FXXX microcontrollers.

7. Peripheral Features: Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler.
Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during Sleep via external crystal/clock.
Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler.
Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns
- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max resolution is 10-bit
Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™ (Master mode) and I2C™ (Master/Slave).
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection.
Parallel Slave Port (PSP) – 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only).
Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR).

8. PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC16F877

9. LEDS
LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of silicon,When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a metal filament until its white hot
LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching

10. SOLAR PANEL
Expose the cell to light, and the energy from each photon (light particle) hitting the silicon, will liberate an electron and a corresponding hole.
If this happens within range of the electric field’s influence, the electrons will be sent to the N side and the holes to the P one, resulting in yet further disruption of electrical neutrality
This flow of electrons is a current; the electrical field in the cell causes a voltage and the product of these two is power

11. PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special materials called semiconductors such as silicon, which is currently the most commonly used.
Basically, when light strikes the cell, a certain portion of it is absorbed within the semiconductor material.
PV cells also all have one or more electric fields that act to force electrons freed by light absorption to flow in a certain direction.
This flow of electrons is a current, and by placing metal contacts on the top and bottom of the PV cell, we can draw that current off to use externally.

12. TEMPERATURE SENSOR(LM35)
Features
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.
The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling.
The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4˚C   
at room temperature and ±3⁄4˚C over a full −55 to +150˚C temperature range.

13. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and
20x2 displays.
This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line
by 2 lines, respectively.
The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller
chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates
directly with the LCD.

14. LCD BACKGROUND
If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines
(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus)
The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW
EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data)
RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command)
(When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data )
R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD)
(When RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD)

15. COMPONENT TESTING

16. COMPONENT TESTING

17. THANKYOU