2. Organization Of TheTHE SKELETAL SYSTEM Exercise #9 Page # 73 Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology. Custom edition for Miami Dade College-Kendall Campus. BSC2085L by Michael G. Wood. Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology by martini, 8 8h edition 1

3. Competency 4: The Skeletal System – Upon successful completion of this laboratory, the student will be able to identify the microscopic and macroscopic structure of bones and the structural and functional classification of selected articulations by: – Distinguishing between compact and spongy bone. – Identifying the components of the osteon or Haversian system. – Locating the major anatomical structures of a long bone. 12/8/20152

4. FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM STRUCTURE SUPPORT- IT IS A FRAMEWORK FOR ATTACHEMENT OF SOFT TISSUE & ORGANS STORAGE MINERALS & LIPIDS- CALCIUM (THE MOST ABUNDANT), FAT IN YELLOW MARROW BLOOD CELLS PRODUCTION- (RBC & WBC) IN RED MARROW PROTECTION- TO SURROUND DELICATE TISSUE & ORGANS, EX RIBS EX: RIBS (HEART & LUNGS) SKULL (BRAIN) VERTEBRAE (SPINAL CORD) PELVIS (DIGESTIVE & REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS) LAVERAGE- TO PROVIDE SITE FOR MUSCULAR ATTACHEMENT, POINT OF SUPPORT AND BODY MOVEMENT 12/8/20153

5. PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM THE SKELETON (206 BONES) MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE: OSSEOUS TISSUE MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE: AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SKELETON THE JOINTS THE PLACE WHERE TWO OR MORE BONES CONNECT 12/8/2015DR. ALFONSO A PINO4

6. OSSEOUS TISSUE ORGANIC MATER: CELLS: OSTEOBLAST- BONE FORMING CELLS OSTEOCLASTS- BONE DISSOLVING CELLS OSTEOCYTES- BONE MAINTAINING CELLS POLISACCARIDES- TO FORM GROUND SUBSTANCE COLLAGEN FIBERS- TENSILE STRENGHT INORGANIC MATER: HYDROXYAPATITE- CALCIUM + PHOSPHATE SALTS THAT MAKE THE BONE HARD 12/8/20155

7. 6 TYPES OF BONE CELLS

8. Bone Textures Compact boneSpongy bone

9. Classification of Bones Bone Shapes – Long bones Are long and thin Are found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes – Flat bones Are thin with parallel surfaces Are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae – Sutural bones Are small, irregular bones Are found between the flat bones of the skull

10. Classification of Bones Bone Shapes – Irregular bones Have complex shapes Examples: spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones – Short bones Are small and thick Examples: ankle and wrist bones – Sesamoid bones Are small and flat Develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet. Patella

11. Classification of Bones Structure of a Long Bone – Diaphysis The shaft A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone A central space called medullary (marrow) cavity – Epiphysis Wide part at each end Articulation with other bones Mostly spongy (cancellous) bone Covered with compact bone (cortex) – Metaphysis Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

12. Classification of Bones Structure of a Flat Bone – The parietal bone of the skull – Resembles a sandwich of spongy bone – Between two layers of compact bone – Within the cranium, the layer of spongy bone between the compact bone is called the diploë Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

13. Bone (Osseous) Tissue Characteristics of Bone Tissue – Dense matrix, containing Deposits of calcium salts Osteocytes (bone cells) within lacunae organized around blood vessels – Canaliculi Form pathways for blood vessels Exchange nutrients and wastes – Periosteum Covers outer surfaces of bones Consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers

14. 12/8/201513 PERIOSTEUM & ENDOSTEUM (MARTINI)

15. COMPACT BONE It forms the walls & outer surfaces of the bones Osteon- functional unit of the compact bone It is thickest where angular stress is applied. Lamella- the layers of the matrix that makes the bone ( thin plate) Central canals (Harvesian canals) F-they contain blood vessels that carry blood to & from the Osteon. Perforating canals (Canals of Volkmann) They extend perpendicular to the surface F- they connect central canals of adjacent osteons to each other Lacuna- thin holes that contains an osteocyte It is a pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix Canaliculus- narrow pathway that penetrates the lamellae Function- to deliver nutrients and removal of waste products to and from osteocytes. 12/8/201514

16. 12/8/201515 Compact and spongy bone

17. HISTOLOGY OF COMPAC BONE (MARTINI)

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Compact and Spongy Bone The Structure of Spongy Bone – Does not have osteons – The matrix forms an open network of trabeculae – Trabeculae have no blood vessels – The space between trabeculae is filled with red bone marrow: Which has blood vessels Forms red blood cells And supplies nutrients to osteocytes – Yellow marrow In some bones, spongy bone holds yellow bone marrow Is yellow because it stores fat

19. SPONGY BONE It makes the inner layer(s) of bones It is formed by trabeculae (bony bars or plates) It has spaces for blood cell formation Trabeculae contains lacuna with osteocytes 12/8/201518

20. LONG BONES STRUCTURE Periosteum: structure that surrounds the bone formed by fibrous connective tissue. It has 2 layers: a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer Sharpey’s fibers- collagen fibers that penetrate into the bone tissue from tendons & ligaments Epiphyses- enlarge area at both sides of a long bone. It’s internal part is made of spongy bone that contains the medullary cavity Articular cartilage- thin layer of hyline cartilage covering the surface of the epiphysis Diaphysis- tubular shaft in long bones extending between the epiphysis Epiphysial plate or cartilage (textbook fig 6-9)- it is a cartilaginous disk that join the epiphyses of inmature bone to diaphysis Epiphysial line- joins the epiphysis to diaphysis in matute bone it remains after epiphysial growth has ended 12/8/201519

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22. 12/8/201521 LONG BONE (MARTINI)

23. 12/8/201522 PERIOSTEUM & ENDOSTEUM (MARTINI)

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25. 12/8/201524 EPIPHYSEAL PLATES AND LINES

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28. REMEMBER, GO TO THE TUTORING ROOM AND PRACTICE WITH MODELS! ROOM 3326 12/8/201527