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Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Transmission Systems and the Telephone Network Chapter 4 in Leon.

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Presentation on theme: "Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Transmission Systems and the Telephone Network Chapter 4 in Leon."— Presentation transcript:

1 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Transmission Systems and the Telephone Network Chapter 4 in Leon Skip in Chapter 3 Articles 3.8.7, 3.8.8 (polynomial math for CRC codes) I will ask you do to the long division in mod-2 arithmetic that we did last time Skip in Chapter 4 4.2.2 (SONET frame structure) 4.6 Signaling in POTS

2 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies B B C C A A B C A B C A MUX (a) (b) Trunk group Figure 4.1 Sharing of an expensive channel by multiplexing (MUX)

3 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies A C B f C f B f A f W W W 0 0 0 (a) Individual signals occupy W Hz (b) Combined signal fits into channel bandwidth Figure 4.2 Frequency Division MUX (FDM)

4 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies (a) Each signal transmits 1 unit every 3T seconds (b) Combined signal transmits 1 unit every T seconds t A1A1 A2A2 t B1B1 B2B2 t C1C1 C2C2 3T3T 0T0T 6T6T 3T3T 0T0T 6T6T 3T3T 0T0T 6T6T t B1B1 C1C1 A2A2 C2C2 B2B2 A1A1 0T 1T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T Figure 4.3 Time Division MUX (TDM)

5 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies 2 24 1 MUX 1 2 24 b1 2...b 23 22 frame 24... Figure 4.4 Standard T1 Carrier (TDM of 24 PCM voice channels) (1+24channels*8bits/channel)*8000 frames/sec = 1.544 Mbps

6 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies North American Digital Hierarchy Primary Multiplex Eg. Digital Switch 30 chan PCM 4th order Multiplex x4 2nd order Multiplex x4 3rd order Multiplex x4 34.368 Mbps 2.048 Mbps 8.448 Mbps 139.264 Mbps CEPT 1 CEPT 4 European Digital Hierarchy 28 M13 Multiplex M23 Multiplex x7 Primary Multiplex Eg. Digital Switch 24 chan PCM M12 Multiplex x4 1 DS3 44.736 Mbps DS1 1.544 Mbps DS2 6.312 MbpsDS3 44.736 Mbps Figure 4.5

7 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies 123 4 5 123 4 5 t Figure 4.6

8 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Figure 4.7 (Optical fiber network for long distance carrier in 1998) could not be reproduced well enough for inclusion.

9 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Low-Speed Mapping Function Medium Speed Mapping Function High- Speed Mapping Function DS3 44.736 DS1 DS2 CEPT-1 CEPT-4 139.264 ATM 150 Mbps STS-1 STS-3c OC-n Scrambler E/O 51.84 Mbps High- Speed Mapping Function Mux STS-n Figure 4.8

10 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies MUX DEMUX MUX DEMUX MUX DEMUX (a) pre-SONET multiplexing remove tributary insert tributary ADM remove tributary insert tributary (b) SONET Add-Drop multiplexing Figure 4.9

11 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies a b c 3 ADMs physical loop net OC-3n Figure 4.10

12 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies a b c logical fully-connected net (a) a b c 3 ADMs connected in physical ring topology OC-3n (b) Figure 4.11

13 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies a b c d a b c d (a) Dual ring (b) Loop-around in response to fault Figure 4.12

14 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Inter-Office Rings Metro Ring Regional Ring Figure 4.13

15 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies STE: Section Terminating Equipment, e.g. a repeater LTE: Line Terminating Equipment, e.g. a STS-1 to STS-3 multiplexer PTE: Path Terminating Equipment, e.g. an STS-1 multiplexer optical section optical section optical section optical section line optical section line optical section line path optical section line path (a) (b) STS PT E LTE STE STS-1 Path STS Line Section Mux reg SONET Terminal STE LTE STS PT E SONET Terminal Figure 4.14

16 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies BBB 87B Information Payload 9 Rows 125  s Transport overhead 90 bytes Section Overhead 3 rows 6 rows Line Overhead Figure 4.15

17 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Pointer 87 columns 9 rows first column is path overhead Synchronous Payload Envelope frame k frame k+1 Pointer first octet last octet Figure 4.16

18 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies STS-1 Map STS-1 Byte Interleave STS-3 Incoming STS-1 Frames Synchronized New STS-1 Frames Figure 4.17

19 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies 1 2 m Optical MUX 1 2 m Optical deMUX 1 2. m Optical fiber Figure 4.18

20 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Figure 4.19 (Optical signal in a WDM system) could not be reproduced well enough for inclusion. Figure 4.19

21 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies (a) WDM chain network a b c d (b) WDM ring network a b c 3 ADMs Figure 4.20

22 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies User 1 Switch Link User n User n-1 (a) Network (b) Switch Control 1 2 3 N 1 2 3 N Connection of inputs to outputs Figure 4.21

23 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies N 1 2 1 N 2  N-1 Figure 4.22

24 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies nxknxk nxknxk nxknxk nxknxk N/n x N/n kxnkxn 1 2 N/n N inputs 1 2 3 3 N/n N outputs 1 2 k 2(N/n)nk + k (N/n) 2 crosspoints kxnkxn kxnkxn kxnkxn Figure 4.23

25 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies nxknxk nxknxk nxknxk N/n x N/n kxnkxn 1 N/n Desired input 1 j m N/n Desired output 1 2n-1 kxnkxn kxnkxn n-1 N/n x N/n n+1 N/n x N/n 2n-2 free pathfree path n-1 busy n-1 busy Figure 4.24

26 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies 1 2 24 1 2 From TDM DeMUX To TDM MUX 24 23 1 2 2 24123 Read slots in permuted order Figure 4.25

27 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies nxknxk nxknxk nxknxk nxknxk N/n x N/n kxnkxn 1 2 N/n N inputs 1 3 1 1 2 n input TDM frame with n slots output TDM frame with k slots Figure 4.26

28 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies nxknxk N/n x N/n kxnkxn 1 1 2 N/n 1 2 k kxnkxn kxnkxn nxknxk 2 nxknxk N/n first slot kth slot first slot kth slot Figure 4.27

29 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies nxknxk nxknxk nxknxk nxknxk N/n x N/n Time-Shared Space Switch kxnkxn 1 2 N/n N inputs 1 2 3 3 N/n N outputs TDM n slots kxnkxn kxnkxn kxnkxn TDM k slots TDM k slots TSI Stage Space Stage Figure 4.28

30 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies 2x3 3x2 1 2 1 2 D1D1 B1B1 A1A1 B2B2 A2A2 C1C1 D2D2 C2C2 B1B1 A1A1 C1C1 D1D1 A1A1 B1B1 C1C1 D1D1 A1A1 C1C1 B1B1 D1D1 Figure 4.29

31 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Figure 4.30

32 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Signal Source Signal Release Signal Destination Go Ahead Message Figure 4.31

33 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies (a) Routing in a typical metropolitan area (b) Routing between two LATAs 1 2 3 4 5 LATA 1 LATA 2 net 1 net 2 A B C D Figure 4.32

34 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies local telephone office Distribution Frame Serving Area I/f Pedestal feeder cable Switch distribution cable Figure 4.33

35 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Original signal Hybrid transformer Received signal Echoed signal Receive pair Transmit pair Figure 4.34

36 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Local analog Local digital Digital trunks Local Switch Tie lines Foreign exchange Channel-switched traffic (digital leased lines) Circuit- switched traffic Digital cross-connect System Figure 4.35

37 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Physical SONET Topology using ADMs and DCCs Logical Topology Switches see this topology DCC Figure 4.36 ADM

38 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Basic Rate Interface (BRI): 2B+D Primary Rate Interface (PRI): 23B+D BRI PRI BRI PRI Circuit Switched Network Channel Switched Network Private Signaling Network Packet Switched Networks Figure 4.37

39 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies SPC Control Signaling Message Figure 4.39

40 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Switch Processor Office B Switch Office A Processor Signaling Modem Trunks Figure 4.39

41 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies STP SSP Transport Network Signaling Network SSP = Service switching point (signal to message) STP = Signal transfer point (message transfer) SCP = Service control point (processing) SCP Figure 4.40

42 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies SSP Transport Network External Database Signaling Network Intelligent Peripheral Figure 4.40

43 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Application Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer SCCP MTP Level 3 MTP Level 2 MTP Level 1 ISUPTCAPTUP Figure 4.42

44 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Fewer Trunks Many Lines Figure 4.43

45 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies N(t) t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 all trunks busy trunk # Figure 4.44

46 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies # trunks Blocking Probability 1 234 5 6 7 8 9 10 offered load Figure 4.45

47 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Tandem Switch 2 Tandem Switch 1 B C A (b) Trunk group 10 Erlangs between each pair 90 Erlangs E F D B C A (a) E F D Figure 4.46

48 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Switch High Usage Route Tandem Switch Alternate Route Figure 4.47

49 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies High Usage Route B-E Tandem Switch 1 Alternate Routes for B-E, C-F High Usage Route C-F Switch A Switch B Switch C Switch E Switch D Switch F Tandem Switch 2 Figure 4.48

50 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies High Usage Route Alternate Routes Tandem Switch 3 Tandem Switch 1 Tandem Switch 2 Switch A Switch B Figure 4.49

51 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Carried Load Offered Load Network Capacity Figure 4.50

52 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies 6 1 2 5 4 3 7 2 6 1 3 1 7 2 4 5 4 6 3 7 5 Figure 4.51

53 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies AC= authentication center BSS= base station subsystem EIR= equipment identity register HLR= home location register wireline terminal MSC PSTN BSS STP SS#7 HLR VLR EIR AC MSC= mobile switching center PSTN= public switched telephone network STP= signal transfer point VLR= visitor location register Figure 4.52

54 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies LAPD m radio RRM MM CM radio LAPD m RRM LAPD 64 kbps SCCP MTP Level 3 MTP Level 2 CM MM RRM 64 kbps LAPD RRM 64 kbps MTP Level 3 MTP Level 2 SCCP UmUm A bis A mobile station base transceiver station base station controller MSC Figure 4.53

55 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies satellite motion (a) (b) Figure 4.54

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