1. Day 8 Multiplexing

2. More than 1 signal per cable Typically a single cable can carry a single connection –Not good if you want a cable to be able to send lots of separate Telephone calls TV channels Data connections

3. Multiple ways to slice things By Frequency –Frequency Division Multiplexing By time –Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing –Statistical Time Division Multiplexing Other special application –Wavelength Division Multiplexing –Discrete Multitone –Code Division Multiplexing

4. Frequency Division Multiplexing Examples –FM Radio –TV/Cable TV –D-AMPS (old cellular) –802.11b/g (3 channels)

5. Frequency Division Multiplexing

6. Guard Bands Used to prevent “cross talk” between the channels. Empty frequencies between channels.

7. Synchronous time division Each station gets a chance to talk. –If a station has anything to say, their data is inserted into their block. –If nothing to say, the block is left empty –Everyone gets equal time.

8. Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing

9. T1/DS1 – 1.544Mb/s The T1 is a high speed data line designed to interconnect phone switches. –Also available to end users to provide high speed data or lots of phone lines It uses synchronous time division multiplexing 24 Channels –Each frame gets 1 byte from each of 24 devices –8000 frames per second are transmitted –56k/channel for voice, 64k for data. Extra control bit is used giving 7 bits which is all that is necessary for voice. ~$400/month + install

10. ISDN 2 B channels (64k) 1 D channel (16k) Signal –Control bits –8 bits from B1 –Control bits –D bit –Control bits –8 bits from B2

11. SONET Synchronous Optical Network –Single clock Atomic clock –Synchronous Transport Signals OC 1 – 51.84Mbps –8000 frames/second 6480 bits/frame OC 3 = 3*OC1 = 155.52Mbps –~ $40k/month OC48 = 2.5Gbps –~$80k/month OC192 = 192 OC1 =~ 10Gbps –~$1/4million per month 1, 3, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 96, 192 Gige ~$15k/month

12. Statistical Time Division Not everyone has something to say at all times. –Why not give the traffic to those who do If so, we need to add addresses so we know who said what. Multiplexer must be smart

13. Size of frames Either they must be set in stone Or you must transmit the size so the other side can tell where one frame ends and the next starts

14. Wavelength Division Multiplexing Using laser color to differentiate streams You can now multiplex multiple OC192’s together on a single cable. –Has been used to create up to 1.6Tbps over a single fiber pair

15. Discrete Multitone Multiplexing Examples –DSL –Digital FM Radio –802.11a/g A specific example of frequency division multiplexing –Data in a particular channel is transmitted on multiple different frequencies at once. –Frequencies are chosen to avoid interference with other data

16. Code Division Multiplexing Each user has a code: –A: 10111001 –B: 01101110 –C: 11001101 If you want to send a 1 you send your code, if you want to send a 0 you send the inverse of your code (flip all 0’s and 1’s) Receiver gets the sum of all this, adds each code (1= 1 or 0= -1). –+8 means they sent a 1, -8 means they sent 0