1. Compact Encodings for All Local Path Information in Web Taxonomies with Application to WordNet Svetlana Strunjaš-Yoshikawa Joint with Fred Annexstein and Kenneth Berman {strunjs,annexste,berman}@ececs.uc.edu University of Cincinnati

2. Introduction Consider Lowest Common Ancestor Query Problem – Find most specific common generalization or least common subsumer among 2 or more terms or attributes in a large hierarchical/classification data sets – Constraint: Evaluate queries without indirection – Goal: Compact labeling schemes for taxonomies

3. Introduction (cont’d) Applications – Fast classification of sets and similarity, e.g. prediction sets similar to Google Sets (given “Bush" and “Clinton” it predicts all other US presidents) – Fast answers to ancestor queries in XML search, e.g., test if 2 terms share a parent node without loading XML file (see[1],[2]) – Fast navigation through voluminous web taxonomies (see [3])

4. Data Model Structural properties found in well- known web taxonomies: – large variance out-degree(Δ), i.e., some nodes have many subclasses – small in-degree (δ) range and variance – small depth (σ) (logarithmic) – small number (>1) of paths from root See paper for table of statistical values for Wordnet, ODP, and Math taxonomies

5. Our Approach Given: large, rooted web taxonomies represented abstractly as Directed Acyclic Graph or DAG with above statistics Problem: Label each node of the DAG so that all local path information for each taxonomy element is preserved in the encoding Our labeling scheme is a variable-length, prefix-based scheme, and built up in two stages

6. Our Approach (cont’d) 1.Greedy Dewey Labeling for Trees (TGDL) -Identifies a Breadth-First tree T in a DAG -Encodes path information for the paths in T -Label nodes with concatenation of edge labels

7. GDL example

8. TGDL example

9. Analysis of the Length for TGDL Labels Performed in 2 steps First step: assume that delimiting labels are empty -- each node v labeled with bits at most Second step: Using different edge delimiting schemes estimated upper bound of node labels

10. Delimiting schemes They encode length of each tree- edge label Two approaches tested: Unary Length Encoding Fixed Binary Length Encoding

11. Unary Length Encoding (ULE) Comparable to Elias Gamma Code Gamma ULE 1 1 10 2 010 11 3 011 0100 4 00100 0101 5 00101 0110 6 00110 0111 7 00111 001000 8 0001000 001001 ULE assigns |e|-1 bits long zero prefix to an edge label e with GDL label of the length |e|

12. Unary Length Encoding (ULE) Analysis Theorem: Upper bound on TGDL label length with ULE of delimiters is bits, for an arbitrary node v in a tree T - is the depth of v in T - n is number of nodes in T

13. Fixed Binary Length Encoding (FBLE) For an edge e, this encoding is the binary representation of the length for GDL(e) Encoded with a fixed number of bits - is the maximum node out-degree in T - uses 4 bits in our application

14. FBLE example - 4 bits will encode delimiters for any T with maximum out-degree < 2^16 - Let e is an edge in T with a given GDL label, e.g. GDL(e)=0000111111 Then FBLE produces delimiter 1010, so label for e is 10100000111111

15. Fixed Binary Length Encoding (FBLE) Analysis Upper bound on TGDL label length with FBLE of delimiters is bits, for an arbitrary node v in a tree T

16. Our Approach (cont’d2) 2.Extended Greedy Dewey Labeling for DAGs (EGDL) -Augment codes generated from step 1 -Used for inferring paths not part of the Breadth-First tree -Adds TGDL node label pairs of non-tree edges

17. EGDL Labeling - Example.01*.0.01.01*.0.0.0.01*.0.01

18. Experimental Results for Wordnet taxonomy (n= 80K)

19. Experimental Results-Label Lengths Encoding Length Wordnet 2.1 Statistics

20. References [1] Budanitsky, A., Hirst, G. Semantic distance in WordNet: An experimental, application-oriented evaluation of five measures. Workshop on WordNet and Other Lexical Resources, Second meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Pittsburgh,PA, 2001. [2] Resnik, F. Using Information Content to Evaluate Semantic Similarity in a Taxonomy. In Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), pages 448–453, 1995. [3] Christophides, V., Plexousakis, D. On Labeling Schemes for the Semantic Web. In Proceedings of the 12th international conference on World Wide Web, pages 544–555, Budapest, Hungary. [4] Abiteboul., S., Kaplan, H., Milo, T. Compact labeling schemes for ancestor queries. In Proceedings of the twelfth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms, pages 547–556, Washington, D.C., 2001. [5] Strunjas-Yoshikawa, S., Annexstein, F., Berman, K. Compact Encodings for All Local Path Information in Web Taxonomies with applications to WordNet. In Proceedings of the 32 nd International Conference on Current Trends in Theory and Practice of Computer Science, Merin, Czech Republic, January 21-27, 2006.