1. Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Chapter 2 Systems Design: Job-Order Costing PowerPoint Authors: Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA

2. Types of Product Costing Systems Process Costing Job-order Costing  A company produces many units of a single product.  One unit of product is indistinguishable from other units of product.  The identical nature of each unit of product enables assigning the same average cost per unit.  A company produces many units of a single product.  One unit of product is indistinguishable from other units of product.  The identical nature of each unit of product enables assigning the same average cost per unit. 2-2

3. Types of Product Costing Systems Process Costing Job-order Costing Example companies: 1. Weyerhaeuser (paper manufacturing) 2. Reynolds Aluminum (refining aluminum ingots) 3. Coca-Cola (mixing and bottling beverages) Example companies: 1. Weyerhaeuser (paper manufacturing) 2. Reynolds Aluminum (refining aluminum ingots) 3. Coca-Cola (mixing and bottling beverages) 2-3

4. Types of Product Costing Systems Process Costing Job-order Costing  Many different products are produced each period.  Products are manufactured to order.  The unique nature of each order requires tracing or allocating costs to each job, and maintaining cost records for each job.  Many different products are produced each period.  Products are manufactured to order.  The unique nature of each order requires tracing or allocating costs to each job, and maintaining cost records for each job. 2-4

5. Types of Product Costing Systems Process Costing Job-order Costing Example companies: 1. Boeing (aircraft manufacturing) 2. Bechtel International (large scale construction) 3. Walt Disney Studios (movie production) Example companies: 1. Boeing (aircraft manufacturing) 2. Bechtel International (large scale construction) 3. Walt Disney Studios (movie production) 2-5

6. Comparing Process and Job-Order Costing 2-6

7. Job-Order Costing—An Overview Manufacturing Overhead Job No. 1 Job No. 2 Job No. 3 Charge direct material and direct labor costs to each job as work is performed. Direct Materials Direct Labor 2-7

8. Job-Order Costing—An Overview Manufacturing Overhead, including indirect materials and indirect labor, are allocated to jobs rather than directly traced to each job. Direct Materials Direct Labor Job No. 1 Job No. 2 Job No. 3 Manufacturing Overhead 2-8

9. Job Cost Sheet 2-9

10. Materials Requisition Form 2-10

11. Job Cost Sheet 2-11

12. Employee Time Ticket 2-12

13. Job Cost Sheet 2-13

14. Application of Manufacturing Overhead Manufacturing overhead is applied to jobs that are in process. An allocation base, such as direct labor hours, direct labor dollars, or machine hours, is used to assign manufacturing overhead to individual jobs. We use an allocation base because: 1.It is impossible or difficult to trace overhead costs to particular jobs. 2.Manufacturing overhead consists of many different items ranging from the grease used in machines to a production manager’s salary. 3.Many types of manufacturing overhead costs are fixed even though output fluctuates during the period. 2-14

15. The predetermined overhead rate (POHR) used to apply overhead to jobs is determined before the period begins. Application of Manufacturing Overhead Estimated total manufacturing overhead cost for the coming period Estimated total units in the allocation base for the coming period POHR = Ideally, the allocation base is a cost driver that causes overhead. 2-15

16. Using a predetermined overhead rate (POHR) makes it possible to estimate total job costs sooner. Actual overhead for the period is not known until sometime after the period has ended. Actual overhead costs can fluctuate seasonally, thus misleading decision makers. It simplifies record keeping. Application of Manufacturing Overhead $ 2-16

17. Determining Predetermined Overhead Rates Predetermined overhead rates are calculated using a three-step process.  Estimate the level of production for the period.   Estimate total amount of the allocation base for the period.   Estimate total manufacturing overhead costs. POHR =  ÷  2-17

18. Application of Manufacturing Overhead Actual amount of the allocation based upon the actual level of activity (this is called a normal costing system). Based on estimates, and determined before the period begins. Overhead applied = POHR × Actual activity 2-18

19. Application of Manufacturing Overhead For each direct labor hour worked on a particular job, $4.00 of factory overhead will be applied to that job. POHR = $4.00 per DLH $640,000 160,000 direct labor hours (DLH) POHR = Estimated total manufacturing overhead cost for the coming period Estimated total units in the allocation base for the coming period POHR = 2-19

20. Application of Manufacturing Overhead 2-20

21. Completing the Job Cost Sheet 2-21

22. Interpreting the Average Unit Cost The average unit cost should not be interpreted as the costs that would actually be incurred if an additional unit were produced. Fixed overhead would not change if another unit were produced, so the incremental cost of another unit is something less than $118. The average unit cost should not be interpreted as the costs that would actually be incurred if an additional unit were produced. Fixed overhead would not change if another unit were produced, so the incremental cost of another unit is something less than $118. 2-22

23. Quick Check Job WR53 at NW Fab, Inc. required $200 of direct materials and 10 direct labor hours at $15 per hour. Estimated total overhead for the year was $760,000 and estimated direct labor hours were 20,000. What would be recorded as the cost of job WR53? a. $200. b. $350. c. $380. d. $730. Job WR53 at NW Fab, Inc. required $200 of direct materials and 10 direct labor hours at $15 per hour. Estimated total overhead for the year was $760,000 and estimated direct labor hours were 20,000. What would be recorded as the cost of job WR53? a. $200. b. $350. c. $380. d. $730. 2-23

24. Job-Order Costing Document Flow Summary Let’s summarize the document flow in a job-order costing system. 2-24

25. Job-Order Costing Document Flow Summary A sales order is the basis of issuing a production order. A production order initiates work on a job. 2-25

26. Job-Order Costing Document Flow Summary Job Cost Sheets Materials Requisition Manufacturing Overhead Account Direct materials Indirect materials Materials used may be either direct or indirect. 2-26

27. Job-Order Costing Document Flow Summary Job Cost Sheets Employee Time Ticket Manufacturing Overhead Account An employee’s time may be either direct or indirect. Direct Labor Indirect Labor 2-27

28. Job-Order Costing Document Flow Summary Manufacturing Overhead Account Other Actual OH Charges Job Cost Sheets Applied Overhead Materials Requisition Employee Time Ticket Indirect Material Indirect Labor 2-28

29. Job-Order Costing—The Flow of Costs Let’s examine the transactions in T-account and journal entry forms in a job- order costing system. 2-29

30. Raw Materials Material Purchases Mfg. Overhead Work in Process (Job Cost Sheet) ActualApplied Direct Materials Indirect Materials Summary of Cost Flows 2-30

31. Journal Entry – Material Purchases Raw material purchases are recorded in an inventory account. 2-31

32. Journal Entry – Material Usage Direct materials issued to a job increase Work in Process and decrease Raw Materials. Indirect materials used are charged to Manufacturing Overhead and decrease Raw Materials. 2-32

33. Mfg. Overhead Salaries and Wages Payable Work in Process (Job Cost Sheet) Direct Materials Direct Labor Indirect Labor Indirect Materials ActualApplied Indirect Labor Summary of Cost Flows 2-33

34. Journal Entry – Labor Costs The cost of direct labor incurred increases Work in Process and the cost of indirect labor increases Manufacturing Overhead. 2-34

35. Mfg. Overhead Indirect Materials ActualApplied Indirect Labor Summary of Cost Flows Other Overhead In addition to indirect materials and indirect labor, other actual manufacturing overhead costs are debited to the Manufacturing Overhead account. 2-35

36. Journal Entry – Actual Overhead In addition to indirect materials and indirect labor, other manufacturing overhead costs are charged to the Manufacturing Overhead account as they are incurred. 2-36

37. Mfg. Overhead Work in Process (Job Cost Sheet) Direct Materials Overhead Applied Overhead Applied to Work in Process Direct Labor Indirect Materials ActualApplied If actual and applied manufacturing overhead are not equal, a year-end adjustment is required. Indirect Labor Summary of Manufacturing Overhead Cost Flows Other Overhead 2-37

38. Journal Entry – Overhead Applied Work in Process is increased when Manufacturing Overhead is applied to jobs. 2-38

39. Accounting for Nonmanufacturing Costs Nonmanufacturing costs are not assigned to individual jobs, rather they are expensed in the period incurred. Income Statement Expense nonmanufacturing costs as incurred. 2-39

40. Journal Entry – Accounting for Nonmanufacturing Costs Nonmanufacturing Cost Examples: 1. Salary expense of employees that work in a marketing, selling, or administrative capacity. 2. Advertising expenses are expensed in the period incurred. Nonmanufacturing Cost Examples: 1. Salary expense of employees that work in a marketing, selling, or administrative capacity. 2. Advertising expenses are expensed in the period incurred. 2-40

41. Finished Goods Cost of Goods Mfd. Work in Process (Job Cost Sheet) Direct Materials Direct Labor Overhead Applied Summary of Goods Manufactured Cost Flows 2-41

42. Journal Entry – Cost of Goods Manufactured As jobs are completed, the Cost of Goods Manufactured is transferred to Finished Goods from Work in Process. 2-42

43. Learning Objective 6 Prepare schedules of cost of goods manufactured and cost of goods sold. 2-43

44. Summary of Job-Order System Cost Flows Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold Work in Process (Job Cost Sheet) Direct Materials Direct Labor Overhead Applied Cost of Goods Mfd. Cost of Goods Sold 2-44

45. Journal Entry – Sales When finished goods are sold, two entries are required: (1) to record the sale, and (2) to record COGS and reduce Finished Goods. 2-45

46. Learning Objective 8 Compute underapplied or overapplied overhead cost and prepare the journal entry to close the balance in Manufacturing Overhead to the appropriate accounts. 2-46

47. Defining Under- and Overapplied Overhead The difference between the overhead cost applied to Work in Process and the actual overhead costs of a period is termed either underapplied or overapplied overhead. Underapplied overhead exists when the amount of overhead applied to jobs during the period using the predetermined overhead rate is less than the total amount of overhead actually incurred during the period. Overapplied overhead exists when the amount of overhead applied to jobs during the period using the predetermined overhead rate is greater than the total amount of overhead actually incurred during the period. 2-47

48. PearCo’s actual overhead for the year was $650,000 with a total of 170,000 direct labor hours worked on jobs. PearCo’s actual overhead for the year was $650,000 with a total of 170,000 direct labor hours worked on jobs. How much total overhead was applied to PearCo’s jobs during the year? Use PearCo’s predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per direct labor hour. PearCo’s actual overhead for the year was $650,000 with a total of 170,000 direct labor hours worked on jobs. PearCo’s actual overhead for the year was $650,000 with a total of 170,000 direct labor hours worked on jobs. How much total overhead was applied to PearCo’s jobs during the year? Use PearCo’s predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per direct labor hour. Overhead Application Example Overhead Applied During the Period Applied Overhead = POHR × Actual Direct Labor Hours Applied Overhead = $4.00 per DLH × 170,000 DLH = $680,000 2-48

49. PearCo’s actual overhead for the year was $650,000 with a total of 170,000 direct labor hours worked on jobs. PearCo’s actual overhead for the year was $650,000 with a total of 170,000 direct labor hours worked on jobs. How much total overhead was applied to PearCo’s jobs during the year? Use PearCo’s predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per direct labor hour. PearCo’s actual overhead for the year was $650,000 with a total of 170,000 direct labor hours worked on jobs. PearCo’s actual overhead for the year was $650,000 with a total of 170,000 direct labor hours worked on jobs. How much total overhead was applied to PearCo’s jobs during the year? Use PearCo’s predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per direct labor hour. Overhead Applied During the Period Applied Overhead = POHR × Actual Direct Labor Hours Applied Overhead = $4.00 per DLH × 170,000 DLH = $680,000 Overhead Application Example PearCo has overapplied overhead for the year by $30,000. What will PearCo do? 2-49

50. Quick Check Tiger, Inc. had actual manufacturing overhead costs of $1,210,000 and a predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per machine hour. Tiger, Inc. worked 290,000 machine hours during the period. What is Tiger’s over- or underapplied overhead? a. $50,000 overapplied. b. $50,000 underapplied. c. $60,000 overapplied. d. $60,000 underapplied. Tiger, Inc. had actual manufacturing overhead costs of $1,210,000 and a predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per machine hour. Tiger, Inc. worked 290,000 machine hours during the period. What is Tiger’s over- or underapplied overhead? a. $50,000 overapplied. b. $50,000 underapplied. c. $60,000 overapplied. d. $60,000 underapplied. 2-50

51. Disposition of Under- or Overapplied Overhead PearCo’s Mfg. Overhead Actual overhead costs $650,000 $30,000 overapplied Overhead applied to jobs $680,000 PearCo’s Cost of Goods Sold Unadjusted Balance Adjusted Balance $30,000 2-51

52. Quick Check What effect will the adjustment of the overapplied overhead have on PearCo’s net operating income? a. Net operating income will increase. b. Net operating income will be unaffected. c. Net operating income will decrease. What effect will the adjustment of the overapplied overhead have on PearCo’s net operating income? a. Net operating income will increase. b. Net operating income will be unaffected. c. Net operating income will decrease. 2-52

53. Multiple Predetermined Overhead Rates To this point, we have assumed that there is a single predetermined overhead rate called a plantwide overhead rate. Large companies often use multiple predetermined overhead rates. May be more complex but... May be more accurate because it reflects differences across departments. 2-53

54. Job-Order Costing in Service Companies Job-order costing is used in many difference types of service companies. 2-54