1. Heavy Ion Physics with CMS Bolek Wyslouch MIT

2. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch2 Holy Grail of High Energy Nuclear Physics: Quark Gluon Plasma quarks and gluons, the fundamental constituents of matter, are no longer confined within the dimensions of the nucleon, but free to move around over a volume in which a high enough temperature and/or density prevails plasma also exhibits the so-called "chiral symmetry" which in normal nuclear matter is spontaneously broken, resulting in effective quark masses which are much larger than the actual masses. Basically: physics of condensed nuclear matter: phase changes due to multiple interactions of energetic quarks and gluons

3. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch3 p n z partons plasma mixed thermalisation hadronization freeze-out chiral symmetry thermal equilibrium chemical equilibrium deconfinement  k   t hadrons mass and width of resonances () thermal photons or dileptons (e + e    +   ) strangeness enhancement (K  energy loss of initial partons (jet quenching) suppression of heavy-quark bound states (J/, ’s  +   ) Particle production in Heavy Ion collision The “probes”

4. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch4 Hard probes: cc, bb, jets High mass or high momentum objects created during formation phase via high Q 2 parton scattering Penetrate hot and dense matter Sensitive to state of hot and dense matter –Color screening –dE/dx by strong interactions Vacuum QGP ????? Quarkonia, Jets High pt particles J/  suppressed ?  ’/  ratio ?

5. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch5 Today’s Experiments Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider on Long Island, a dedicated facility: –Collisions of Au-Au with up to 100 AGeV in each beam –Four Experiments: Brahms, Phenix, Phobos, Star So far about 1-2 weeks of data This year ~9 months Running 6-9 months per year Building on CERN/SPS results

6. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch6 Recent results from RHIC Global features: charged multiplicity, particle production asymmetry (flow) indicate significant increase of energy density compared to pp Indication of importance of “hard probes” –Jet production may be suppressed (quenched), production of high pt particles is smaller than expected from pp Looking forward to see J/psi production at RHIC, suppression observed at SPS…

7. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch7 Charged multiplicity at mid-rapidity

8. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch8 Missing high pt particles at RHIC ? Effect seems to be stronger than “Cronin effect” observed in pA

9. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch9 What to expect from RHIC within the next few years A very detailed study of most if not all “QGP signatures” at RHIC Many beam energies, ion species, very high luminosity But: maximum energy at RHIC is limited by ring radius and magnets Some measurements, especially high pt probes may require higher energies: LHC

10. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch10 What To Expect from LHC LHC (Large Heavy ion Collider) is expected to provide pA and AA collisions. Energy: 5.5 GeV per nucleon pair in PbPb 6 weeks/year First heavy ion run in March 2007

11. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch11 Main emphasis: Identified particles at low pt Add-ons for high pt physics

12. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch12 CMS: High pt edge of HI physics

13. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch13 Some CMS Assets of interest to HI CMS has excellent muon detection capabilities: –||<1.3 for barrel and ||<2.4 with endcaps. –Good mass resolution: 46 MeV for the Upsilon. –Efficient suppression of background from /K decays: Electromagnetic calorimeter at 1.3 m from beam axis. P T threshold at 3.5 GeV/c for a single muon to reach the -chambers. Large calorimeter coverage with good jet reconstruction capabilities.

14. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch14 Selected Physics Topics first physics studies by CMS Event Characterization (centrality) Quarkonium Production: Upsilon and J/in the barrel Z detection Jet Production: –Single/Double jet ratios, jet quenching –Z and  tagged jets Ultra-Peripheral Collisions:  and - Pomeron Muon detector Calorimetry Studies conducted by existing HI group in CMS Pablo Yepes will present the details

15. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch15 Stretching CMS Pb-Pb Detector designed for pp. However due to flexible design offers unique capabilities for AA   

16. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch16 Centrality: Participants vs. Spectators “Spectators” Zero-degree Calorimeter “Spectators” Many things scale with N part : Transverse Energy Particle Multiplicity Particle Spectra “Participants” Only ZDCs measure N part Detectors at 90 o The collision geometry (i.e. the impact parameter) determines the number of nucleons that participate in the collision

17. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch17 Event Characterization In spite of very strong magnetic field (4 Tesla) there is a good correlation between centrality and transverse energy.

18. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch18 Alternative “centrality trigger” “Zero degree calorimeter” –Small fast calorimeters sensitive to forward neutrons –Very forward region, between two vacuum beam lines –Working at RHIC –Same design can be adopted for LHC Could be essential for some measurements

19. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch19 Will the DAQ cope with the HI ? Pb-Pb at L=10 27 cm -2 s -1 (2 experiments running at the time) LHC HI is relatively low luminosity but the occupancy can be huge, O(100,000) particles Expected event size ~1.5 M Bytes (or larger, needs study) With mass storage of 100 MBytes/s one can write ~70 events/s

20. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch20 Needs dedicated, continuing studies DAQ and trigger: configuration, length of DAQ buffers, trigger thresholds –Most likely need to be reconfigured for the HI run Lower magnetic field ? –Better jet acceptance –Lower pt threshold for J/psi (?) –functioning of trigger etc

21. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch21 Software for Heavy Ion Collisions A real challenge ! PbPb min bias Multiplicity: dNch/dh=1500 time: 6 hours/ev space: 500Mb/ev For 3000 events (0.5 sec LHC) ~3 years for PII 400 MHz ~2Tb disk space. -> minimum 36 computers (for 1 month run). Example: Small MC PRODUCTION in 2001 The most interesting events are central dNch/dy=8000 (dNch/dh=6000). The time and the space will be ~24h/ev and ~2Gb/ev.

22. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch22 US Politics CMS has a great potential to do good physics during Heavy Ion runs at LHC US Nuclear physics community endorsed US participation in LHC heavy ion program (NSAC Long Range Plan) Positive signs from DoE/Nuclear But no miracles: RHIC is big and very hungry Some of our colleagues prefer Alice CMS Heavy ion group: Lyon, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Dubna From the US: Rice, UC Davis Several US groups are considering participation (MIT, UIC, your colleagues) Schedule and level of participation are driven by RHIC commitments

23. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch23 Schedule and Resources First HI run will be in 2007 Needed to get good HI physics in 2007: –Physics studies –DAQ, Trigger and software preparation –Zero-degree calorimeter construction There will be solid physics base learned at RHIC

24. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch24 Possible plan Involvement in direct simulation and physics preparation work, ramping up in 2003-2004 Involvement in US CMS computing together with HEP groups DoE Nuclear funding for Tier-2(+) size computing resources

25. May 19 01Bolek Wyslouch25 Summary LHC will be a natural continuation of the series of Heavy Ion accelerators CMS will have unique capabilities at the high transverse momentum frontier –, Z 0, , high pt jets CMS can provide a natural place to do these measurements in the late-RHIC and post-RHIC era Complementary to RHIC