1. Splash Screen

2. I. Created by the State (page 663)
A. Local governments have no legal independence; each is dependent on its state government.
B. State constitutions set forth the powers and duties of local governments.
Section 1-2

3. II. Types of Local Government (pages 663–665)
A. The four basic types of local government are
1) the county,
2) the township,
3) the municipality, and
4) the special district.
B. The county is normally the largest territorial and political subdivision of the state. Counties vary in number, size, population, power, and influence.
C. In most metropolitan areas, the county government has been growing more powerful.
Section 1-3

4. II. Types of Local Government (pages 663–665)
D. In most counties, a county board has both executive and legislative powers. Board officials are usually elected by the voters.
E. Townships exist in less than half the states, and their powers and duties vary from state to state.
F. In New England, select men now make some of the decisions citizens once made in the direct democracy of a town meeting.
G. The municipality is an urban unit of government that has legal rights granted to it by the state.
Section 1-4

5. II. Types of Local Government (pages 663–665)
H. The special district is a unit of local government that deals with a specific function such as education or transportation.
I. Some states also have a separate tribal government that serves its Native American population.
Section 1-5

6. III. Forms of Municipal Government (pages 666–668)
A. A municipal government may be formed when people in a community ask the state legislature to permit their community to incorporate.
B. Urban areas in the United States use one of three basic forms of government:
1) the mayor-council,
2) the commission, or
3) the council-manager.
C. In the most widely used form of municipal government, the mayor-council form, executive power belongs to an elected mayor and the legislative power to an elected council.
Section 1-7

7. III. Forms of Municipal Government (pages 666–668)
D. There are two types of mayor-council government:
1) the strong-mayor system and
2) the weak-mayor system.
E. The commission form of municipal government combines executive and legislative powers in an elected commission that passes laws and makes policy decisions.
Section 1-8

8. III. Forms of Municipal Government (pages 666–668)
F. Under the council-manager form of government, the executive and legislative powers are separated. The council acts as a legislative body and makes the policy of the municipality. A manager carries out the council’s policies and serves as chief administrator.
Section 1-9

9. III. Forms of Municipal Government (pages 666–668)
Which type of mayor-council government do you think is preferable, the strong mayor type or the weak-mayor type?
Answers will vary. See description of mayoral powers on text page 666.
Section 1-10

10. Checking for Understanding
Match the term with the correct definition.
___ county
___ township
___ municipality
___ special district
___ incorporation
___ referendum B E F D C A
A. a special election
B. the largest political subdivision of a state
C. the process of setting up a legal community under state law
D. a unit of local government that deals with a specific function
E. a unit of local government found in some states, usually a subdivision of a county
F. an urban unit of government chartered by a state
Section 1 Assessment-2

11. Checking for Understanding
3. Identify mayor-council form, commission form, council-manager form.
A mayor-council form is a form of municipal government in which executive power belongs to the major and legislative power to an elected council.
A commission form is an elected commission that combines executive and legislative powers.
A council-manager form is a type of municipal government in which legislative and executive powers are separated.
Section 1 Assessment-3

12. Checking for Understanding
4. Analyze the structure of county government.
elected county board has legislative and executive power; board members head departments; board members may share executive power with other officers who are elected
Section 1 Assessment-4

13. Checking for Understanding
5. Compare the methods of selection of the heads of departments in the three forms of city government.
Mayor appoints heads in mayor-council form. City manager appoints heads in council-manager form, and elected commissioners are heads in the commission form.
Section 1 Assessment-5

14. Section 1 Concepts in Action
Federalism The four basic types of local government that exist in the United States are the county, the township, the municipality, and the special district. Choose one type of local government that exists where you live. Create a diagram that shows how it is organized. The diagram should indicate the officials that make up the government and their functions.
Section 1 Concepts in Action

15. End of Section 1

16. I. Local Government Services (pages 669–671)
A. Local school districts provide most of the money and make most of the decisions regarding the operation of public schools.
B. Local governments use zoning to regulate the way land and buildings are used.
C. Police and fire protection make up a large part of the local budget.
D. Local governments make vital decisions regarding road maintenance, water service, and sewage disposal and treatment.
E. Many local governments offer important services to citizens who have special needs and provide recreation and cultural programs for their residents.
Section 2-2

17. II. Metropolitan Communities (pages 671–672)
A. Urban communities differ greatly in size.
B. Cities are densely populated areas with residential, commercial, and industrial sections.
C. Cities in the southern and western United States are the fastest growing.
D. In the nation’s early years, most Americans lived in small towns. After the 1860s, cities grew faster than towns and villages. Between 1950 and 1990, suburbs, small towns, and rural areas again attracted many Americans.
Section 2-4

18. III. Special Districts (page 673)
A. Local governments frequently establish special districts to solve problems.
B. The school district is governed by the school board.
Section 2-6

19. IV. Regional Arrangements (page 673)
A. In the 1990s, local governments joined to develop new approaches for handling regional problems.
B. Cooperative efforts have solved land use, water supply, waste management, and law enforcement problems.
Section 2-8

20. V. Financing Local Government (pages 673–675)
A. Local governments finance services by levying taxes, such as property taxes.
B. Most Americans view property taxes as unfair: they place a heavier burden on those with low incomes and may result in unequal public services.
C. Revenue sources for local governments include local income taxes, sales taxes, fines and fees, government-owned businesses, bonds, and state grants.
Section 2-10

21. V. Financing Local Government (pages 673–675)
Section 2-11

22. Checking for Understanding
Match the term with the correct definition.
___ zoning
___ suburbs
___ real property
___ personal property
___ assessment
___ market value C E F A D B
A. movable belongings such as clothes and jewelry, as well as intangibles such as stocks and bonds
B. the amount of money an owner may expect to receive if property is sold
C. the means a local government uses to regulate the way land and buildings may be used in order to shape community development
D. the process involved in calculating the value of a property to be taxed
E. a densely settled territory adjacent to a central city
F. land and whatever is attached to or growing on it
Section 2 Assessment-2

23. End of Section 2

24. I. Population and Housing (pages 677–679)
A. Municipal governments attempt to manage land use to encourage orderly growth. This is difficult since population shifts have caused inner cities to decline.
B. Mayors of large cities in decline appealed to the federal government for help in the 1950s and 1960s.
C. The federal government provided massive spending to help cities address their housing problems. The results were not encouraging.
Section 3-2

25. I. Population and Housing (pages 677–679)
D. Urban renewal programs added new low-rent public housing, but slowed construction of other types of housing.
E. For many years, suburbs and smaller communities excluded African Americans and other minorities, and apartment owners discriminated against the elderly, the poor, and families with children.
F. Many large cities responded to the housing shortage by renovating older housing units. The federal government also provided loans to local housing authorities through public housing programs.
Section 3-3

26. II. Social Problems (pages 679–680)
A. Large cities face serious social problems.
B. Unemployment and housing shortages contribute to the problem of homeless people.
C. The federal government, through the media, has publicized drug abuse and spent huge amounts for drug treatment and prevention programs.
Section 3-5

27. III. Meeting Future Challenges (pages 680–682)
A. Large cities also have many problems that add to their financial burdens.
B. The infrastructure of older large cities shows severe signs of wear and needs repair.
C. Local governments encourage the public to use mass transit to reduce traffic and air pollution.
D. Cities struggle to solve their financial problems, and recently have focused on stimulating greater economic development.
Section 3-7

28. III. Meeting Future Challenges (pages 680–682)
E. Beginning in the 1980s, middle income suburbanites and recent immigrants moved into the cities, often restoring old houses and other buildings. While this improved many neighborhoods, it also displaced residents.
F. In the 1980s, the nation’s attention seemed to be shifting from city problems to suburban opportunities.
G. Many people feel that metropolitan government must be reorganized to serve a larger region and to reduce government waste and duplication of services.
Section 3-8

29. Checking for Understanding
Match the term with the correct definition.
___ urban renewal
___ infrastructure
___ revitalization
___ gentrification
___ metropolitan government D A E B C
A. the basic facilities of a city
B. the phenomenon of new people moving into a neighborhood, forcing out those who live there and changing the area’s essential character
C. a type of government that serves several different communities in the same region
D. programs under which cities apply for federal aid to clear slum areas and rebuild
E. investments in new facilities in an effort to promote economic growth
Section 3 Assessment-2

30. Checking for Understanding
3. Identify Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of National Drug Control Policy.
The Drug Enforcement Administration is a federal program that enforces the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States.
The Office of National Drug Control Policy is a federal program that establishes policies, priorities, and objectives for the nation’s drug control program.
Section 3 Assessment-3

31. End of Section 3

32. Chapter Assessment 1

33. Recalling Facts
1. What document specifies the powers and duties of local government?
The state constitution specifies the powers and duties of local government.
2. What are the three main forms of municipal government?
The three main forms of municipal government are mayor-council form, commission form, and council-manager form.
Chapter Assessment 5

34. Recalling Facts
3. What is the single largest public service provided by local tax revenues?
The single largest public service provided by local tax revenues is public education.
4. What is the biggest government expenditure for many large American cities?
The biggest government expenditure for many large American cities is social services.
Chapter Assessment 6

35. Understanding Concepts
2. Political Processes Why did some state supreme courts rule against using the property tax to pay for local schools?
Some state supreme courts ruled that using the property tax to support local schools was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection of the law. For example, a wealthy community with a large tax base can afford better public services than a less wealthy community with a small tax base. The court held that the practice discriminated against students in poor communities.
Chapter Assessment 9

36. Section Focus 1 1) Special districts with 31,555 units
2) No; only 48 states have counties, 20 states have townships, and 45 states have local school districts
3) small physical size
Section Focus 1

37. Curriculum Connection 24-1b
Technology  In most cases, town meetings are not televised—or, if they are, the broadcast is carried on a local cable channel. Politicians in the national spotlight, however—leading members of Congress, for instance, or presidential candidates—have learned that appearing at a town meeting and getting national media coverage for it can boost their public image.
Curriculum Connection 24-1b

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