2. Existentialism Is There Meaning in Life?

3. Existentialism Definitions and Basic Ideas Existentialism, philosophical movement or tendency of the 19th and 20th centuries. Because of the diversity of positions associated with existentialism, a precise definition is impossible.Existentialism One major theme: a stress on individual existence and, consequently, on subjectivity, individual freedom, and choice.

4. Freedom of Choice Each human being creates his or her own nature, is a primary theme. Because individuals are free to choose their own path, they must accept the risk and responsibility of their actions.

5. Living and Faith Existentialists believe in living -- and in fact fighting for life All too often people link a lack of faith or secular beliefs with existential ideals. Existentialism has little to do with faith or the lack thereof.

6. Basic Concepts Mankind has free will. Life is a series of choices, creating stress. Few decisions are without any negative consequences. Some things are irrational or absurd, without explanation. If one makes a decision, he or she must follow through.

7. Existentialism requires constant thought, expression, and action -- the active development of one's essence. All decisions are individual, with each being responsible for his or her choices.

8. Limiting Freedom The most important decisions are those affecting the free will of other individuals, other matters are less important. Some may be affected negatively, their choices reduced by a decision, so decisions must promote freedom among the greatest number of beings. Limiting the number of options available to an individual in any situation reduces that being's freedom to express a free will. There is no such thing as a demand, since one can always accept death as a choice.

9. Søren Kierkegaard Danish philosopher reacted against this tradition, insisting that the individual's highest good is to find his or her own unique vocation.

10. Definitions There is no objective, rational basis for decisions. They stress the importance of individualism in deciding questions of morality and truth. Rational clarity is desirable wherever possible but that life's most important questions are not accessible to reason or science.

11. Antonin Artaud, b. Sept. 4, 1896, d. Mar. 4, 1948 He was influenced less by literature than by myth, ritual, Oriental art, the gestures of Balinese dance, and the world of dreams. Artaud felt that the theater should give rise to numinous or religious feelings within the audience. At certain points he likened theater to a plague that attacks the audience, breaks down its resistance, and cleanses it morally and spiritually

12. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, b. Oct. 15, 1844, d. Aug. 25, 1900 precursor of Existentialism Existentialism

13. Nietzsche In this book he introduced his famous distinction between the Apollonian, or rational, element in human nature and the Dionysian, or passionate, element. When the two principles are blended, either in art or in life, humanity achieves a momentary harmony with the Primordial Mystery

14. Thus Spake Zarathustra death of God, attacking Christianity and democracy as moralities for the "weak herd” the superman, he argued for the "natural aristocracy" of the superman who, driven by the "will to power," celebrates life on earth rather than sanctifying it for some heavenly reward

15. Zarathustra the will to power courage to "live dangerously" and thus rise above the masses, developing his natural capacity for the creative use of passion To correct any misconceptions concerning the superman, Nietzsche published Beyond Good and Evil

16. Albert Camus Born: November 7, 1913 in Mondovi, Algeria Died: January 4, 1960 in an automobile accident

17. Albert Camus After winning a degree in philosophy, he worked at various jobs, ending up in journalism. In the 1930s, he ran a theatrical company, and during WWII was active in the French Resistance, editing an important underground paper, Combat. Albert Camus won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957 "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times".Nobel Prize for Literature

18. Albert Camus Themes: The alienation, disillusionment and resulting nihilism that confronted man after the horrors of WWII. The absurdity of life, yet the necessity of some moral sensibility. An emergent liberal humanist morality apart from Christian and Marxist dogmas.

19. Albert Camus Style: His simple and clear style has made him a sort of Existentialist Hemingway. His simple short sentences are composed of only the essential - minimal descriptions of settings, clear evocations of psychological states - which produce a stark atmosphere and perfectly accentuates his subject matter. Though short, the sentences are not choppy. Instead, they provide a fluid rhythm that propels the reader (which is perhaps why he is still one of the best-selling authors in France today).

20. Camus: Major Works The Stranger 1946 The Plague 1948 Myth of Sisyphus 1955 The Fall 1957 Caligula 1958 / 1938

21. Jean Paul Sartre b. 1905 d. 1980 Taught (1931-45) in Le Havre, Laon, and Paris lycées, Sartre fought injustice throughout his life - most notably campaigning for a free Algeria. He was awarded but refused 1964 Nobel prize for literature.

22. Sartre’s Philosophy  Existence (that a thing is) precedes essence (what a thing is)  Three types of being; –1. L'être-en-soi (Being-in-itself) –2. L'être-pour-soi (Being-for-itself) –3. L'être-pour-autrui (Being-for-others)

23. Existence (L'êter-pour-soi) is a dynamic process of becoming. Being (L'être-en-soi) is a static state.  Existence is the type of being had by humans only  Nothingness (le Néant) lies at the heart of being (l'être.)  Man desires to be god.

24. Sartre Humans are "condemned to be free" that is, without the existence of an absolute god or a pre-existing universal definition, they are free to define themselves through their actions and choices, (existence precedes essence.)

25. Sartre Freedom is not freedom from, but is, freedom for All things that are have being, but such being is only in-itself, it is totally self- contained and is a static state (recall Aristotle's distinction of inanimate from animate being.)

26. Nothingness Nothingness lies at the heart of being and creates a yearning for fulfillment (the fulfillment of being) nothingness is the origin of freedom and the origin of human existence. The lack of a pre-determined essence is the nothingness at the heart of being that drives the human to seek to define himself, such drive for the fulfillment of definition being the motor within existence. Man defines himself by the choices he has made. As there is no pre-determined essence every act of projection and choice is a defining and hence, essential, act. The responsibility for one's being and definition are one's responsibility. To be is to be responsible for what one is.

27. Sam Shepard

28. Stoppard